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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Wilmers ◽  
William Kimball

When employers conduct more internal hiring, does this facilitate upward mobility for low-paid workers or does it protect the already advantaged? To assess the effect of within-employer job mobility on occupational stratification, we develop a framework that accounts for inequality in both rates and payoffs of job changing. Internal hiring facilitates advancement for workers without strong credentials, but it excludes workers at employers with few good jobs to advance into. Analyzing Current Population Survey data, we find that when internal hiring increases in a local labor market, it facilitates upward mobility less than when external hiring increases. When workers in low-paid occupations switch jobs, they benefit more from switching employers than from moving jobs within the same employer. One-third of this difference is due to low-paid workers isolated in industries with few high-paying jobs to transfer into. An occupationally segregated labor market therefore limits the benefits that internal hiring can bring to the workers who most need upward mobility.


Author(s):  
Angga Yudaputra ◽  
Izu Andry Fijridiyanto ◽  
Yuzammi ◽  
Joko Ridho Witono ◽  
Inggit Puji Astuti ◽  
...  

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Seyed Jalaleddin Mousavirad ◽  
Davood Zabihzadeh ◽  
Diego Oliva ◽  
Marco Perez-Cisneros ◽  
Gerald Schaefer

Masi entropy is a popular criterion employed for identifying appropriate threshold values in image thresholding. However, with an increasing number of thresholds, the efficiency of Masi entropy-based multi-level thresholding algorithms becomes problematic. To overcome this, we propose a novel differential evolution (DE) algorithm as an effective population-based metaheuristic for Masi entropy-based multi-level image thresholding. Our ME-GDEAR algorithm benefits from a grouping strategy to enhance the efficacy of the algorithm for which a clustering algorithm is used to partition the current population. Then, an updating strategy is introduced to include the obtained clusters in the current population. We further improve the algorithm using attraction (towards the best individual) and repulsion (from random individuals) strategies. Extensive experiments on a set of benchmark images convincingly show ME-GDEAR to give excellent image thresholding performance, outperforming other metaheuristics in 37 out of 48 cases based on cost function evaluation, 26 of 48 cases based on feature similarity index, and 20 of 32 cases based on Dice similarity. The obtained results demonstrate that population-based metaheuristics can be successfully applied to entropy-based image thresholding and that strengthening both exploitation and exploration strategies, as performed in ME-GDEAR, is crucial for designing such an algorithm.


Author(s):  
Lisa Schur ◽  
Douglas L. Kruse

This chapter examines the prevalence, causes, and consequences of precarious work among people with disabilities. New US evidence from the government’s Current Population Survey, and reviews of prior studies, show that workers with disabilities are more likely than those without disabilities to be in precarious jobs. This is explained in part by many people with disabilities choosing precarious jobs due to the flexibility these jobs can provide. Other people with disabilities, however, face prejudice and discrimination in obtaining standard jobs and must resort to taking precarious jobs with less security, lower pay and benefits, little or no training and opportunities for advancement, and few, if any, worker protections. Workers with disabilities tend to have worse outcomes on these measures than workers without disabilities in every type of employment arrangement. The disability pay gap is higher in precarious jobs than in full-time permanent jobs. The mixed evidence suggests that precarious jobs create good employment outcomes for some workers with disabilities but bad outcomes for others. While continued efforts are needed to decrease barriers to traditional employment for people with disabilities, efforts are also needed to bring higher pay and greater legal protections to precarious workers, which would especially benefit workers with disabilities.


Author(s):  
Sarah Flood ◽  
Renae Rodgers ◽  
José Pacas ◽  
Devon Kristiansen ◽  
Ben Klaas

The Current Population Survey (CPS) has been the nation’s primary source of information about employment and unemployment for decades. The data are widely used by social scientists and policy makers to study labor force participation, poverty, and other high-priority topics. An underutilized feature of the CPS is its short-run panel component. This paper discusses the unique challenges encountered when linking basic monthly data as well as when linking the March basic monthly data to the Annual Social and Economic (ASEC) Supplement in the 1976–1988 period. We describe strategies to address linking obstacles and document linkage rates.


Author(s):  
Shuichi Kitada ◽  
Reiichiro Nakamichi ◽  
Hirohisa Kishino

Abstract Populations are shaped by their history. It is crucial to interpret population structure in an evolutionary context. Pairwise FST measures population structure, whereas population-specific FST measures deviation from the ancestral population. To understand the current population structure and a population’s history of range expansion, we propose a representation method that overlays population-specific FST estimates on a sampling location map, and on an unrooted neighbor-joining tree and a multi-dimensional scaling plot inferred from a pairwise FST distance matrix. We examined the usefulness of our procedure using simulations that mimicked population colonization from an ancestral population and by analyzing published human, Atlantic cod, and wild poplar data. Our results demonstrated that population-specific FST values identify the source population and trace the evolutionary history of its derived populations. Conversely, pairwise FST values represent the current population structure. By integrating the results of both estimators, we obtained a new picture of the population structure that incorporates evolutionary history. The generalized least squares estimate of genome-wide population-specific FST indicated that the wild poplar population expanded its distribution to the north, where daylight hours are long in summer, to coastal areas with abundant rainfall, and to the south where summers are dry. Genomic data highlight the power of the bias-corrected moment estimators of FST, whether global, pairwise, or population-specific, that provide unbiased estimates of FST. All FST moment estimators described in this paper have reasonable processing times and are useful in population genomics studies.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Moreno Chan ◽  
Fikret Isik

Abstract Genetic variation in frost tolerance, resistance to the rust fungus Uromycladium acaciae, growth, stem form, and gummosis were evaluated in 110 open-pollinated families of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild). Families were tested at six frost-prone sites in northern KwaZulu-Natal and southeastern Mpumalanga, South Africa. Frost-hardy provenances were susceptible to rust disease and had poor growth. Locally grown F1 seed sources that originated from cold-hardy Australian seed sources had better growth and were tolerant to rust, but at a cost of lower frost tolerance. Considerable genetic variation was observed between families within seed sources for frost damage (hfm2 = 0.77), rust incidence (hfm2 = 0.89), and height (hfm2 = 0.80). The corresponding narrow-sense heritabilities (hi2) were 0.30, 0.80, and 0.32. Genotype-by-environment interaction levels were low for most traits. Except for a strong genetic correlation between tree height and diameter (0.90), all the pairs of traits had weak to moderate genetic correlations. Recurrent selection will be successful in improving frost tolerance and rust incidence. However, the current population comprises limited germplasm that is both tolerant to frost and resistant to rust. Thus, we recommend infusing germplasm from known cold-hardy Australian provenances into the current population to increase genetic variation for frost tolerance, rust, and growth. Study Implications Black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild) is widely planted in South Africa for bark extract and woodchip exports. The species is prone to frost damage and susceptible to rust fungus Uromycladium acaciae, two major limitations to its cultivation. In this study, 110 open-pollinated families of black wattle originated from its native range in Australia and local South African seed sources were studied for frost and disease tolerance. The results from this study suggest that there is considerable variation within species for frost tolerance and fungal disease. We suggest a tandem selection strategy for black wattle farming in South Africa to increase resistance to frost damage and fungal diseases.


Res Mobilis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13-2) ◽  
pp. 261-278
Author(s):  
Nuria Salamó Barrientos

The present study is an analysis of the domestic furniture of the workers of the Industrial Colonies in Catalonia, taking like an example the specific case of the Colony of Borgonyà. The choice of Borgonyà is not a coincidence, the Colony is especially interesting because his peculiar cultural contrast, combining the Scottish heritage in the construction of the houses with the local tradition in furniture. Also, most of the current population of the Colony were workers of the factory, so thanks to their personal testimonies and family pictures, we can make an accuracy reconstruction of the history of the worker’s domestic interiors. Throughout the study, we will identify different qualities and furniture’s typologies related with the different status of the workers. We will recognize rural traditional furniture pieces at the ordinary worker’s houses in contrast of contemporary furniture at the keeper’s houses, with the quality of a middle-class bourgeois family.


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