scholarly journals Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Bracelets and Necklaces: Radiological Risk Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11170
Author(s):  
Halmat Jalal Hassan ◽  
Suhairul Hashim ◽  
Noor Zati Hani Abu Hanifah ◽  
Sib Krishna Ghoshal ◽  
Mohamad Syazwan Mohd Sanusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectrometry ◽  
Radiological Risk ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Dose Conversion Coefficient

A particular category of jewelry is one involving bracelets and necklaces that are deliberately made to contain naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM)—purveyors making unsubstantiated claims for health benefits from the release of negative ions. Conversely, within the bounds of the linear no-threshold model, long-term use presents a radiological risk to wearers. Evaluation is conducted herein of the radiological risk arising from wearing these products and gamma-ray spectrometry is used to determine the radioactivity levels and annual effective dose of 15 commercially available bracelets (samples B1 to B15) and five necklaces (samples N16 to N20). Various use scenarios are considered; a Geant4 Monte Carlo (Geant4 MC) simulation is also performed to validate the experimental results. The dose conversion coefficient for external radiation and skin equivalent doses were also evaluated. Among the necklaces, sample N16 showed the greatest levels of radioactivity, at 246 ± 35, 1682 ± 118, and 221 ± 40 Bq, for 238U, 232Th, and 40K, respectively. For the bracelets, for 238U and 232Th, sample B15 displayed the greatest level of radioactivity, at 146 ± 21 and 980 ± 71 Bq, respectively. N16 offered the greatest percentage concentrations of U and Th, with means of 0.073 ± 0.0002% and 1.51 ± 0.0015%, respectively, giving rise to an estimated annual effective dose exposure of 1.22 mSv, substantially in excess of the ICRP recommended limit of 1 mSv/year.

scholarly journals Population doses from terrestrial gamma exposure in Serbia

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 78-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snezana Dragovic ◽  
Ljiljana Jankovic-Mandic ◽  
Milan Momcilovic ◽  
Antonije Onjia
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
External Source ◽  
Gamma Dose ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectrometry ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Naturally Occurring Radionuclides

Background: Terrestrial radiation emitted from naturally occurring radionuclides, such as 40K and radionuclides from the 238U and 232Th series and their decay products represent the main external source of irradiation to the human body. The purpose of this study was to provide a preliminary assessment of the doses from terrestrial exposure of population in Serbia and to estimate a potential radiation hazard for population inhabiting investigated areas. Methods: The gamma dose rates, external hazard indexes, and annual effective doses due to terrestrial naturally occurring radionuclides (238U, 232Th and 40K) were calculated based on their activities in soil samples in Serbia as determined by gamma-ray spectrometry. Results: The total absorbed gamma dose rate due to these radionuclides varied from 16.9 to 125 nGy h-1, with a mean of 62.8 nGy h-1. Assuming a 20% occupancy factor, the corresponding annual effective dose varied from 2.07 to 15.4?10-5 Sv with the mean value of 7.7?10-5 Sv, i.e. annual effective dose was in range of the world wide average values. Conclusion: According to the values of external hazard index obtained in this study (mean Hex = 0.35), the radiation hazard was insignificant for the population living in investigated areas.

scholarly journals The Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactivity of Negative Ion Clothing and Attendant Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5412
Author(s):  
Halmat Jalal Hassan ◽  
Suhairul Hashim ◽  
Noor Zati Hani Abu Hanifah ◽  
Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Abdul Hadi ◽  
Mohamad Syazwan Mohd Sanusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Negative Ion ◽  
Dose Limit ◽  
Radiological Risk ◽  
Organ Doses ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material

The study investigates commercially available negative ion clothing, and evaluations are made using gamma-ray spectroscopy and Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations. Observed to contain naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), evaluations are made of the radiological risk arising from the use of these as items of everyday wear, undergarments in particular. Organ doses from these were simulated using the MIRD5 mathematical female phantom, with the incorporation of dose conversion factors (DCFs). At 175 ± 26, 1732 ± 247, and 207 ± 38 Bq, for 238U, 232Th, and 40K respectively, item code S05 was found to possess the greatest activity, while item code S07 was shown to have the least activity, at 2 ± 0.5 and 15 ± 2 Bq, and again for 238U and 232Th, respectively. Sample code S11 recorded least activity, at 29 ± 5 Bq, for 40K. Among the clothing items, sample item code S05 offered the greatest concentrations of Th, U and Zr, with percentage means of 1.23 ± 0.1, 0.045 ± 0.001, and 1.29 ± 0.1, respectively, giving rise to an annual effective dose of 1.57 mSv/y assuming a nominal wearing period of 24 h per day. Accordingly, the annual public dose limit of 1 mSv can be exceeded by their use.

scholarly journals Assessment of Natural Radioactivity Level and Annual Effective Dose of Amber Rice Samples Cultivated in the South of Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 05004
Author(s):  
Abdulridha S. Younis ◽  
Nada F. Tawfiq
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectrometer ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Rice Consumption ◽  
Rice Samples ◽  
South Of Iraq

In this work, the activity concentrations of naturally occurring radioactive material including 238U, 232Th, and 40K were measured of some amber rice samples cultivated in southern Baghdad and Al Najaf governorate and used in Baghdad governorate, Iraq in 2018, using gamma-ray spectrometer with NaI (Tl) detector. The results show that the activity concentrations for 238U ranged from (2.68 to 10.81) Bq/kg with average 5.94 Bq/kg, 232Th ranged from (B.D.L to 3.37) Bq/kg with average 2.65 Bq/kg, and for 40K ranged from (4.48 to 35.7) Bq/kg with average 16.84 Bq/kg. The annual effective dose from rice consumption by adults for 238U, 232Th, and 40K ranged from (0.41 to 1.6) x10-5 Sv/y with average 0.9 x10-5 Sv/y, (B.D.L to 0.42) x10-5 Sv/y with average 0.2 x10-5 Sv/y, and (0.17 to 1.2) x10-5 Sv/y with average 0.45 x10-5 Sv/y respectively. All values of the average specific activities are less than the global average values of ICRP, and the annual effective dose from rice consumption by adults was lower than the permissible limit of (1 m Sv/y) recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection.

scholarly journals Measurement of Natural Radioactivity Level in Selected Phosphate Fertilizer Samples Collected from Iraqi Markets

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Yassamin S.Khalf ◽  
◽  
Kareem K. Mohammad ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectrometry ◽  
External Hazard Index ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Gamma Index

The Gamma-ray spectrometry (spectra line Gp) and a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector were used to determine the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in fertilizer samples. 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K activity concentrations in fertilizers and phosphate raw. In this study the gamma index(I), Radium equivalent dose(Raeq),dose rate(DR),external hazard index(Hex) internal hazard index(Hin), annual effective dose outdoor(AEDout) and annual effective dose indoor(AEDin)were found. This study could serve as a starting point for figuring out how fertilizer radiation affects human health.

scholarly journals The naturally occurring radioactivity of ‘scalar energy’ pendants and concomitant radiation risk

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0250528
Author(s):  
Halmat Jalal Hassan ◽  
Suhairul Hashim ◽  
Mohamad Syazwan Mohd Sanusi ◽  
Mohamad Hidayat Jamal ◽  
Sitti Asmah Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Organ Dose ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectrometry ◽  
The Public ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material ◽  
K Activity

Forming part of a study of radiological risk arising from use of radioactive consumer products, investigation is made of pendants containing naturally occurring radioactive material. Based on use of gamma-ray spectrometry and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, the study investigates commercially available ‘scalar energy pendants’. The doses from these have been simulated using MIRD5 mathematical phantoms, evaluation being made of dose conversion factors (DCFs) and organ dose. Metallic pendants code MP15 were found to contain the greatest activity, at 7043 ± 471 Bq from 232Th, while glass pendants code GP11 were presented the greatest 238U and 40K activity, at 1001 ± 172 and 687 ± 130 Bq respectively. MP15 pendants offered the greatest percentage concentrations of Th, Ce, U and Zr, with means of 25.6 ± 0.06, 5.6 ± 0.005, 1.03 ± 0.04 and 28.5 ± 0.08 respectively, giving rise to an effective dose of 2.8 mSv for a nominal wearing period of 2000 h. Accordingly, these products can give rise to annual doses in excess of the public limit of 1 mSv.

The Measurements of Natural Radioactivity, (Radon and Gamma concentrations), around the old fertilizer factory in Basrah/Iraq

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1324-1335
Author(s):  
Jabbar H. Jebur
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radon Concentration ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Track Detector ◽  
Exhalation Rate ◽  
Hazard Indices ◽  
Radium Equivalent ◽  
Passive Technique ◽  
Radium Activity

Radon concentration, exhalation rate, annual effective dose, radium activity, thorium, uranium potassium and radium equivalent have been measured in the present investigation for soil in the area around the old fertilizer factory in southern of Basrah Governorate. The measurements based on CR39 track detector for passive method, RAD7 for active method and NaI(Tl) for gamma concentration measurements. Average values for radon concentration in soil were 112.04±10.76 Bq/m3 using passive technique and 104.56±6.05 Bq/m3 using RAD7. From the result of the passive technique, area and mass exhalation rates and the annual effective dose were calculated. Gamma ray spectroscopy for the soil samples were performed and found that the average concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were 50.89 Bq/kg, 21.74 Bq/kg and 640.4 Bq/kg respectively. Gamma ray hazard indices were calculated and found they are within the world average.

Justification of Remediation Criteria of Uranium Legacy Sites

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-57
Author(s):  
A. Titov ◽  
N. Shandala ◽  
Yu. Bel'skih ◽  
D. Isaev ◽  
M. Semenova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Uranium Mining ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Safety Standards

Purpose: To present approaches to establishing the criteria for remediation of sites contaminated due to past activities of uranium mining and milling facilities. These facilities are considered today as uranium legacy. Results: This paper presents the justified reference levels expressed in terms of annual effective dose values, which are recommended for using as remediation criteria for sites contaminated due to past activities of uranium mining and milling facilities (uranium legacy sites). Depending on further use of the sites after remediation, these criteria range from 1 µSv/year, in case of temporary presence of the population, to 10 µSv/year, in case of permanent residence of the population and conducting economic activities. Conclusions: In accordance with the international basic safety standards, accepted more than 10 years ago, exposure situations from radioactive material retained from previous activities refer to the existing exposure situation. Nevertheless, neither Federal Law “On Radiation Safety of the Population” nor Radiation Safety Standards have so far introduced terms “existing exposure situation” covering exposure at nuclear and uranium legacy sites and “reference level”, which is used to assure radiation safety of the population living at legacy sites or using these sites for the purpose of the economic activities.

Assessment of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in Mining Residues and Environmental Material from Sefwi, Awaso Bauxite Mine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matjele Moipone ◽  
Oscar K. Adukpo ◽  
Joseph B. Tandoh
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectrometry ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Environmental Material ◽  
Bauxite Ore ◽  
Mining Residues ◽  
Bauxite Mine

Abstract Gamma ray spectrometry was used to quantify level of NORM in mining residues sampled at Awaso bauxite mine and surrounding communities. The radionuclides of interest were 238U, 232Th and 40K and the radioactivity levels were determined in soil, bauxite ore, red mud and water samples from wells. The radioactivity concentrations in soil, bauxite ore and red mud 238U, 232Th and 40K were 18.01±1.96 Bqkg-1, 19.07±2.12 Bqkg-1 and 103.21±1.74 Bqkg-1; 39.42±4.18 Bqkg-1, 97.32±10.63 Bqkg-1 and 14.68±1.82 Bqkg-1; 44.85±4.79, 64.23±6.58 and 125.30±18.72 Bqkg-1. The activity levels for both 232U and 232Th were above world-wide average values while Potassium-40 levels were lower. The mean activity concentration values of 238U, 232Th and 40K in water samples were 1.49±0.45 Bql-1, 3.68±0.69 Bql-1 and 15.69±0.28 Bql-1 respectively and were within the world average activity concentrations except for bauxite ore and red mud. The committed effective dose was 0.74 mSv and annual effective dose estimated to be 0.136 mSv which is below recommended dose limit of 1 mSvyear-1 for public exposure.

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