scholarly journals Carnosine as a Possible Drug for Zinc-Induced Neurotoxicity and Vascular Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Kawahara ◽  
Yutaka Sadakane ◽  
Keiko Mizuno ◽  
Midori Kato-Negishi ◽  
Ken-ichiro Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Dementia With Lewy Bodies ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Jnk Pathway ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Stress Pathway

Increasing evidence suggests that the metal homeostasis is involved in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases including senile type of dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and vascular dementia. In particular, synaptic Zn2+ is known to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia. In this article, we review the molecular pathways of Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity based on our and numerous other findings, and demonstrated the implications of the energy production pathway, the disruption of calcium homeostasis, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress pathway, and the stress-activated protein kinases/c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (SAPK/JNK) pathway. Furthermore, we have searched for substances that protect neurons from Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity among various agricultural products and determined carnosine (β-alanyl histidine) as a possible therapeutic agent for vascular dementia.

scholarly journals Copper as a Collaborative Partner of Zinc-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Dementia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7242
Author(s):  
Masahiro Kawahara ◽  
Ken-ichiro Tanaka ◽  
Midori Kato-Negishi
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Jnk Signaling ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Jnk Signaling Pathway ◽  
Neuronal Transmission ◽  
Transient Global Ischemia ◽  
Stress Pathway ◽  
Excess Zinc

Copper is an essential trace element and possesses critical roles in various brain functions. A considerable amount of copper accumulates in the synapse and is secreted in neuronal firings in a manner similar to zinc. Synaptic copper and zinc modulate neuronal transmission and contribute to information processing. It has been established that excess zinc secreted during transient global ischemia plays central roles in ischemia-induced neuronal death and the pathogenesis of vascular dementia. We found that a low concentration of copper exacerbates zinc-induced neurotoxicity, and we have demonstrated the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway, the stress-activated protein kinases/c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (SAPK/JNK) signaling pathway, and copper-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. On the basis of our results and other studies, we discuss the collaborative roles of copper in zinc-induced neurotoxicity in the synapse and the contribution of copper to the pathogenesis of vascular dementia.

scholarly journals Altered Expression of Human Mitochondrial Branched Chain Aminotransferase in Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Vascular Dementia

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 306-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma L. Ashby ◽  
Marta Kierzkowska ◽  
Jonathon Hull ◽  
Patrick G. Kehoe ◽  
Susan M. Hutson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Dementia With Lewy Bodies ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Branched Chain Aminotransferase

Which other disorders cause dementia?

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Budson ◽  
Maureen K. O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ◽  
Dementia With Lewy Bodies ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Primary Progressive Aphasia ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia ◽  
Severe Stage ◽  
Language Behavior ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

In addition to Alzheimer’s disease, other brain disorders of aging that affect thinking and memory include vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson’s disease dementia, behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, primary progressive aphasia that has logpenic, semantic, and non-fluent agrammatic variants, and normal pressure hydrocephalus. Each produces characteristic changes in thinking, memory, language, behavior, and/or movement that allow you and the doctor to know when to consider them as possible causes of your loved one’s dementia. Note that the dementia of every individual is unique, so the symptoms and signs that they will manifest are all different. However, when dementias reach the moderate to severe stage, most dementias looks similar, despite having different causes.

Pharmacological treatment of dementia

2020 ◽  
pp. 545-556
Author(s):  
Roy W Jones
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Pharmacological Treatment ◽  
Dementia With Lewy Bodies ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Cognitive Symptoms ◽  
Carotid Disease ◽  
Low Dose Aspirin ◽  
Antidementia Drugs

This chapter summarizes the available clinical evidence for pharmacological treatments for dementia with an emphasis on practical considerations and realistic expectations of currently available antidementia drugs. It covers the treatment of both cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms. The search for specific treatments for dementia has inevitably concentrated on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), partly because it is the commonest cause of dementia and partly because scientific progress has provided more potential therapeutic targets for AD than other dementias. AD is treated with AChEIs (donepezil, galantamine, or rivastigmine) and the goals of treatment should be explained at the commencement of treatment. For dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) use AChEI, especially for hallucinations and other behavioural disturbance and consider memantine or increasing dose if BPSD symptoms persist. For vascular dementia (VaD) look for sources of emboli (e.g. carotid disease) and consider anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation, and low-dose aspirin. Ensure other relevant conditions (e.g. hypertension and diabetes) are being managed appropriately.

Quantifying fluctuation in dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia

Neurology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1616-1625 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Walker ◽  
G. A. Ayre ◽  
J. L. Cummings ◽  
K. Wesnes ◽  
I. G. McKeith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Dementia With Lewy Bodies ◽  
Lewy Bodies
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