scholarly journals An Experimental Approach to Investigate the Involvement of Cognitive Load in Divergent Thinking

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Ruben Kleinkorres ◽  
Boris Forthmann ◽  
Heinz Holling
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Instruction Condition ◽  
Creative Instruction

Up to now, support for the idea that a controlled component exists in creative thought has mainly been supported by correlational studies; to further shed light on this issue, we employed an experimental approach. We used four alternate uses tasks that differed in instruction type (“be fluent” vs. “be creative”) and concurrent secondary workload (load vs. no load). A total of 51 participants (39 female) went through all tasks and generated ideas for a total of 16 different objects; their responses were scored in terms of fluency (number of responses generated), creative quality, and flexibility. We did find, as expected, that the be-creative instruction resulted in fewer and more creative ideas, as well as more flexible idea sets, but neither of the expected interaction effects became significant. Specifically, fluency was not affected more strongly by secondary workload in the be-fluent instruction condition than in the be-creative instruction condition. Further, the performance drop evoked by the secondary workload was not stronger in the be-creative instruction condition compared to the be-fluent instruction condition when creative quality or flexibility were examined as dependent variable. Altogether, our results do not confirm that be-creative instructions involve more cognitive load than be-fluent instructions. Nevertheless, the analysis of the serial order effect and additional correlational examinations revealed some promising results. Methodological limitations which may have influenced the results are discussed in light of the inherent suspense between internal and external validity (i.e., most likely the applied self-paced dual-task approach increased external validity, but undermined internal validity) and potentially guide future research.

scholarly journals Using the RE-AIM framework to evaluate internal and external validity of mobile phone–based interventions in diabetes self-management education and support

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 946-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilin Yoshida ◽  
Sonal J Patil ◽  
Ross C Brownson ◽  
Suzanne A Boren ◽  
Min Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
Management Education ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Quality Of Reporting ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Internal And External Validity

Abstract Objective We evaluated the extent to which studies that tested short message service (SMS)– and application (app)-based interventions for diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) report on factors that inform both internal and external validity as measured by the RE-AIM (Reach, Efficacy/Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) framework. Materials and Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature), and IEEE Xplore Digital Library for articles from January 1, 2009, to February 28, 2019. We carried out a multistage screening process followed by email communications with study authors for missing or discrepant information. Two independent coders coded eligible articles using a 23-item validated data extraction tool based on the RE-AIM framework. Results Twenty studies (21 articles) were included in the analysis. The comprehensiveness of reporting on the RE-AIM criteria across the SMS- and app-based DSMES studies was low. With respect to internal validity, most interventions were well described and primary clinical or behavioral outcomes were measured and reported. However, gaps exist in areas of attrition, measures of potential negative outcomes, the extent to which the protocol was delivered as intended, and description on delivery agents. Likewise, we found limited information on external validity indicators across adoption, implementation, and maintenance domains. Conclusions Reporting gaps were found in internal validity but more so in external validity in the current SMS- and app-based DSMES literature. Because most studies in this review were efficacy studies, the generalizability of these interventions cannot be determined. Future research should adopt the RE-AIM dimensions to improve the quality of reporting and enhance the likelihood of translating research to practice.

scholarly journals Serial Order Effect in Divergent Thinking in Five- to Six-Year-Olds: Individual Differences as Related to Executive Functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Honghong Bai ◽  
Paul P. M. Leseman ◽  
Mirjam Moerbeek ◽  
Evelyn H. Kroesbergen ◽  
Hanna Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Mental Operations

This study examined the unfolding in real time of original ideas during divergent thinking (DT) in five- to six-year-olds and related individual differences in DT to executive functions (EFs). The Alternative Uses Task was administered with verbal prompts that encouraged children to report on their thinking processes while generating uses for daily objects. In addition to coding the originality of each use, the domain-specific DT processes memory retrieval and mental operations were coded from children’s explanations. Six EF tasks were administered and combined into composites to measure working memory, shifting, inhibition, and selective attention. The results replicated findings of a previous study with the same children but at age four years: (1) there was a serial order effect of the originality of uses; and (2) the process mental operations predicted the originality of uses. Next, the results revealed that both domain-general EFs and domain-specific executive processes played a role in the real-time unfolding of original ideas during DT. Particularly, the DT process mental operations was positively related to the early generation of original ideas, while selective attention was negatively related to the later generation of original ideas. These findings deepen our understanding of how controlled executive processes operate during DT.

6. Research Design

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-185
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Research Designs

This chapter focuses on the basic principles of research design. It first considers different types of research design, including experimental designs, cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, comparative designs, and historical research designs. It also discusses two types of research validity: internal validity and external validity. The chapter proceeds by describing various methods of data collection and the sort of data or evidence each provides, including questionnaires and surveys, interviewing and focus groups, ethnographic research, and discourse/content analysis. Finally, it examines six issues that must be taken into account to ensure ethical research: voluntary participation, informed consent, privacy, harm, exploitation, and consequences for future research.

Neural correlates of serial order effect in verbal divergent thinking

2017 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meijuan Wang ◽  
Ning Hao ◽  
Yixuan Ku ◽  
Roland H. Grabner ◽  
Andreas Fink
Keyword(s):  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Neural Correlates

EEG alpha activity is moderated by the serial order effect during divergent thinking

2019 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 84-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Kraus ◽  
Chelsea Cadle ◽  
Stephanie Simon-Dack
Keyword(s):  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Alpha Activity ◽  
Eeg Alpha ◽  
Eeg Alpha Activity

scholarly journals A novel preference-informed complementary trial (PICT) design for clinical trial research influenced by strong patient preferences

Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samina Ali ◽  
◽  
Gareth Hopkin ◽  
Naveen Poonai ◽  
Lawrence Richer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Innovative Design ◽  
Clinical Trial Research ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Internal And External Validity ◽  
Treatment Population

Abstract Background Patients and their families often have preferences for medical care that relate to wider considerations beyond the clinical effectiveness of the proposed interventions. Traditionally, these preferences have not been adequately considered in research. Research questions where patients and families have strong preferences may not be appropriate for traditional randomized controlled trials (RCTs) due to threats to internal and external validity, as there may be high levels of drop-out and non-adherence or recruitment of a sample that is not representative of the treatment population. Several preference-informed designs have been developed to address problems with traditional RCTs, but these designs have their own limitations and may not be suitable for many research questions where strong preferences and opinions are present. Methods In this paper, we propose a novel and innovative preference-informed complementary trial (PICT) design which addresses key weaknesses with both traditional RCTs and available preference-informed designs. In the PICT design, complementary trials would be operated within a single study, and patients and/or families would be given the opportunity to choose between a trial with all treatment options available and a trial with treatment options that exclude the option which is subject to strong preferences. This approach would allow those with strong preferences to take part in research and would improve external validity through recruiting more representative populations and internal validity. Here we discuss the strengths and limitations of the PICT design and considerations for analysis and present a motivating example for the design based on the use of opioids for pain management for children with musculoskeletal injuries. Conclusions PICTs provide a novel and innovative design for clinical trials with more than two arms, which can address problems with existing preference-informed trial designs and enhance the ability of researchers to reflect shared decision-making in research as well as improving the validity of trials of topics with strong preferences.

Investigating the Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model: Internal Structure and External Validity Evidence for a Potential Measurement Model

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Rowe ◽  
Thomas D. Raedeke ◽  
Lenny D. Wiersma ◽  
Matthew T. Mahar
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Physical Activity Promotion ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Validity Evidence ◽  
Potential Measurement ◽  
Activity Promotion ◽  
Youth Physical Activity

The purpose of the study was to investigate the measurement properties of questionnaires associated with the Youth Physical Activity Promotion (YPAP) model. Data were collected from 296 children in Grades 5–8 using several existing questionnaires corresponding to YPAP model components, a physical activity questionnaire, and 6 consecutive days of pedometer data. Internal validity of the questionnaires was tested using confirmatory factor analyses, and external validity was investigated via correlations with physical activity and body composition. Initial model fit of the questionnaires ranged from poor to very good. After item removal, all scales demonstrated good fit. Correlations with percentage body fat and objectively measured physical activity were low but in the theoretically predicted direction. The current study provides good internal validity evidence and acceptable external validity evidence for a brief set of questionnaire items to investigate the theoretical basis for the YPAP model.

scholarly journals Toward Experimental International Business

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 530-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjen van Witteloostuijn
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Experimental Laboratory ◽  
Experimental Management ◽  
Missed Opportunity

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to argue that the time is ripe to establish a powerful tradition in Experimental International Business (IB). Probably due to what the Arjen van Witteloostuijn refers to as the external validity myth, experimental laboratory designs are underutilized in IB, which implies that the internal validity miracle of randomized experimentation goes largely unnoticed in this domain of the broader management discipline. Design/methodology/approach – In the following pages, the author explains why the author believes this implies a missed opportunity, providing arguments and examples along the way. Findings – Although an Experimental Management tradition has never really gained momentum, to the author, the lab experimental design has a very bright future in IB (and management at large). To facilitate the development of an Experimental IB tradition, initiating web-based tools would be highly instrumental. This will not only boost further progress in IB research, but will also increase the effectiveness and playfulness of IB teaching. Originality/value – Given the high potential of an Experimental IB, the Cross-Cultural and Strategic Management journal will offer a platform for such exciting and intriguing laboratory work, cumulatively contributing to the establishment of an Experimental IB tradition.

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