scholarly journals Enhanced Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Activities on Hardwood and Softwood during Interspecific Interactions of White- and Brown-Rot Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Junko Sugano ◽  
Ndegwa Maina ◽  
Janne Wallenius ◽  
Kristiina Hildén
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Species Interaction ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Wood Decomposition ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi

Wood decomposition is a sophisticated process where various biocatalysts act simultaneously and synergistically on biopolymers to efficiently break down plant cell walls. In nature, this process depends on the activities of the wood-inhabiting fungal communities that co-exist and interact during wood decay. Wood-decaying fungal species have traditionally been classified as white-rot and brown-rot fungi, which differ in their decay mechanism and enzyme repertoire. To mimic the species interaction during wood decomposition, we have cultivated the white-rot fungus, Bjerkandera adusta, and two brown-rot fungi, Gloeophyllum sepiarium and Antrodia sinuosa, in single and co-cultivations on softwood and hardwood. We compared their extracellular hydrolytic carbohydrate-active and oxidative lignin-degrading enzyme activities and production profiles. The interaction of white-rot and brown-rot species showed enhanced (hemi)cellulase activities on birch and spruce-supplemented cultivations. Based on the enzyme activity profiles, the combination of B. adusta and G. sepiarium facilitated birch wood degradation, whereas B. adusta and A. sinuosa is a promising combination for efficient degradation of spruce wood, showing synergy in β-glucosidase (BGL) and α-galactosidase (AGL) activity. Synergistic BGL and AGL activity was also detected on birch during the interaction of brown-rot species. Our findings indicate that fungal interaction on different woody substrates have an impact on both simultaneous and sequential biocatalytic activities.

Variation in germination percentage of basidiospores collected successively from wood decay fungi in culture

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Schmidt ◽  
D. W. French
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Successive collections of basidiospores, produced in culture from the same hymenial areas of four species of wood decay fungi, were tested for spore germination percentage on malt extract agar under controlled conditions. Spores from white rot fungi retained high germination levels after 5 weeks of spore production, but germination averages for brown rot fungi decreased by more than 50%. Such variation should be considered in wood pathology research using spore germination bioassay.

Iron and calcium translocation from pure gypsum and iron-amended gypsum by two brown rot fungi and a white rot fungus

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Schilling ◽  
Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Irpex Lacteus ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Ca Oxalate ◽  
Iron And Calcium

AbstractWood-degrading fungi commonly grow in contact with calcium (Ca)-containing building materials and may import Ca and iron (Fe) from soil into forest woody debris. For brown rot fungi, imported Ca2+may neutralize oxalate, while Fe3+may facilitate Fenton-based degradation mechanisms. We previously demonstrated, in two independent trials, that degradation of spruce by wood-degrading fungi was not promoted when Ca or Fe were imported from gypsum or metallic Fe, respectively. Here, we tested pine wood with lower endogenous Ca than the spruce blocks used in prior experiments, and included a pure gypsum treatment and one amended with 1% with FeSO4. Electron microscopy with microanalysis verified that brown rot fungiSerpula himantioidesandGloeophyllum trabeumand the white rot fungusIrpex lacteusgrew on gypsum and produced iron-free Ca-oxalate crystals away from the gypsum surface. Wood cation analysis verified significant Fe import by both brown rot isolates in Fe-containing treatments. Wood degradation was highest in Fe-gypsum-containing treatments for all three fungi, although only wood degraded byI. lacteushad significant Ca import. We suggest that Fe impurities may not exacerbate brown rot, and that both brown and white rot fungi may utilize Ca-containing materials.

scholarly journals Coupling Secretomics with Enzyme Activities To Compare the Temporal Processes of Wood Metabolism among White and Brown Rot Fungi

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald N. Presley ◽  
Ellen Panisko ◽  
Samuel O. Purvine ◽  
Jonathan S. Schilling
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Directional Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Lignocellulose Conversion

ABSTRACTWood-degrading fungi use a sequence of oxidative and hydrolytic mechanisms to loosen lignocellulose and then release and metabolize embedded sugars. These temporal sequences have recently been mapped at high resolution using directional growth on wood wafers, revealing previously obscured dynamics as fungi progressively colonize wood. Here, we applied secretomics in the same wafer design to track temporal trends on aspen decayed by fungi with distinct nutritional modes: two brown rot (BR) fungi (Postia placentaandGloeophyllum trabeum) and two white rot (WR) fungi (Stereum hirsutumandTrametes versicolor). We matched secretomic data from three zones of decay (early, middle, and late) with enzyme activities in these zones, and we included measures of total protein and ergosterol as measures of fungal biomass. In line with previous transcriptomics data, the fungi tested showed an initial investment in pectinases and a delayed investment in glycoside hydrolases (GHs). Brown rot fungi also staggered the abundance of some oxidoreductases ahead of GHs to produce a familiar two-step mechanism. White rot fungi, however, showed late-stage investment in pectinases as well, unlike brown rot fungi. Ligninolytic enzyme activities and abundances were also different between the two white rot fungi. Specifically,S. hirsutumligninolytic activity was delayed, which was explained almost entirely by the activity and abundance of five atypical manganese peroxidases, unlike more varied peroxidases and laccases inT. versicolor. These secretomic analyses support brown rot patterns generated via transcriptomics, they reveal distinct patterns among and within rot types, and they link spectral counts with activities to help functionalize these multistrain secretomic data.IMPORTANCEWood decay, driven primarily by wood-degrading basidiomycetes, is an essential component of global carbon cycles, and decay mechanisms are essential for understanding forest ecosystem function. These fungi efficiently consolidate pretreatment and saccharification of wood under mild conditions, making them promising templates for low-cost lignocellulose conversion. Species are categorized as ligninolytic white rots and polysaccharide-selective brown rots, with considerable undescribed variability in decay mechanism that may manifest in the sequential variation in protein secretion over the progression of decay. Here we resolved spatially a temporal progression of decay on intact wood wafers and compared secretome dynamics in two white and two brown rot fungi. We identified several universal mechanistic components among decay types, including early pectinolytic “pretreatment” and later-stage glycoside hydrolase-mediated saccharification. Interspecific comparisons also identified considerable mechanistic diversity within rot types, indicating that there are multiple avenues to facilitate white and brown rots.

Antifungal activities of three supercritical fluid extracted cedar oils

Holzforschung ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianchuan Du ◽  
Todd F. Shupe ◽  
Chung Y. Hse
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Antifungal Activities ◽  
Red Cedar

Abstract Port-Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), Alaska yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), and Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) were submitted to supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 (SCC) and Soxhlet extracted (SE) with hexane. The components in the extracted oils were identified by GC-MS. The oils were evaluated against two common wood decay fungi, brown-rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum) and white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor). The SCC extraction yields of J. virginiana, C. nootkatensis, and C. lawsoniana were 3.27%, 3.22%, and 3.29%, respectively. The SE yields of J. virginiana, C. nootkatensis, and C. lawsoniana were 0.80%, 0.71%, and 1.52%, respectively. The statistical analysis showed that SCC extracted cedar oils had higher antifungal activities than SE cedar oils against both fungi. In vitro studies showed that C. nootkatensis oils have the strongest antifungal activity, followed by C. lawsoniana, and J. virginiana oil.

In situ molecular detection of some white-rot and brown-rot basidiomycetes infecting temperate and tropical woods

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1256-1260
Author(s):  
Alba Zaremski ◽  
Marc Ducousso ◽  
Odile Domergue ◽  
Joel Fardoux ◽  
Cécile Rangin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Pycnoporus Sanguineus ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Tropical Woods

Wood-decay white-rot and brown-rot fungi have a major economic impact on commercial and manufactured tropical and temperate woods. The aim of this study was to design a molecular method, coupled with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing, to enable early identification of various forms of fungal decay in various types of wood. The resulting tool could be used to certify the healthiness of commercial woods and also to make more efficient use of chemicals and thus reduce their negative environmental impact. Sapwood plates of Distemonanthus benthamianus,Fagus sylvatica, Lophira alata, Pinus sylvestris, and Pycnanthus angolensis were incubated in vitro in the presence of Fibroporia vaillantii, Coniophora puteana, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Pycnoporus sanguineus, and Trametes versicolor according to the EN 113 standard method. Average mass losses ranging from 2.6% to 25.0% indicated that all wood samples had been actually infected and enabled us to test the reliability of our method. PCR products were obtained in 24 of 25 combinations, and DNA sequences were obtained in 21 of the 24 fungal PCR products. DNA sequences obtained from infected wood were compared with sequences from pure strains, thus confirming the identity of the infecting strains with 100% similarity for an average of 412 bp.

Decay resistance of wood treated with amino-silicone compounds

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Weigenand ◽  
Miha Humar ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel ◽  
Holger Militz ◽  
Carsten Mai
Keyword(s):  
Beech Wood ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
European Standard ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Amino Silicone

AbstractAn amino-silicone (AS; amino-polydimethylsiloxane) micro-emulsion was tested for its suitability to preserve wood against basidiomycetes in a mini-block experiment and in a test according to the European standard (1996) EN 113. Decay resistance was assessed against the white rot fungiTrametes versicolor,Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, andHypoxylon fragiforme, as well as the brown rot fungiConiophora puteana,Antrodia vaillantii,Gloeophyllum trabeumandSerpula lacrymans. Pine sapwood and beech wood were treated with AS emulsions at solute concentration levels of 2%, 5% and 15%. The mini-blocks treated with 15% concentrations of AS resisted decay byT. versicolorandC. puteanaover a long time (12 weeks), while samples treated with low and moderate concentrations underwent considerable mass losses. Accordingly, microscopic studies revealed a high degree of colonisation by the white rot fungus and loss of cell wall integrity (brown rot) in samples treated with 2% AS. At high AS content (15%), no or only initial stages of decay could be observed. In the European standard (1996) test EN 113, the mass loss in all fungal cultures except for the white rot ascomyceteH. fragiformewas below 5%, when the samples were treated with 15% AS. The effect of low and moderate AS concentration on the decay resistance was dependent on the fungal strain. The mode of action of AS treatment against basidiomycete decay is discussed.

Fungicidal Activity of 3'-Substituted-3-Stilbenols

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 568-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.H. Fisher ◽  
Y. Jin ◽  
T.P. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Cinnamic Acids ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Structure Activity

Summary Twenty 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols were synthesized and tested for fungicidal activity (agar plate IC50 values) against two brown-rot fungi rot Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta and one white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Compounds synthesized were eight trans-3-X-3′-stilbenols (X = OMe, Me, Cl, OH, OPr, OBu, OOct, and O-p-Tol), three cis-3-X-3′-stilbenols (X = OMe, Me, Cl), three 3-hydroxy-α-(3-X-phenyl)cinnamic acids (X = OMe, Me, Cl), and six multisubstituted-3′-substituted-3-stilbenols (3′,4-diOMe, 3′-Me-4-OMe, 3′-Cl-4-OMe, 3′-OH-4-OMe, 3′-Cl-4-OMe-4′-OH, and 3′-Cl-4′-OH). The three cinnamic acids and 3′-OOct showed low to no activity against all three fungi. Most of these 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols (15 of 20) had fungicidal activity against the white-rot fungus T. versicolor, in contrast to earlier studies on 3′-substituted-4-stilbenols which were inactive against T. versicolor. These 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols also had fungicidal activity against G. trabeum and P. placenta, with the latter fungus having a parabolic lipophilic Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR). 3′-O-p-Tol-3-stilbenol was the most active against T. versicolor and fifth most active against P. placenta of the twenty 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols examined here.

scholarly journals Polyporales Brown Rot Species Fomitopsis pinicola: Enzyme Activity Profiles, Oxalic Acid Production, and Fe3+-Reducing Metabolite Secretion

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. e02662-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firoz Shah ◽  
Tuulia Mali ◽  
Taina K. Lundell
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Brown Rot Decay

ABSTRACT Basidiomycota fungi in the order Polyporales are specified to decomposition of dead wood and woody debris and thereby are crucial players in the degradation of organic matter and cycling of carbon in the forest ecosystems. Polyporales wood-decaying species comprise both white rot and brown rot fungi, based on their mode of wood decay. While the white rot fungi are able to attack and decompose all the lignocellulose biopolymers, the brown rot species mainly cause the destruction of wood polysaccharides, with minor modification of the lignin units. The biochemical mechanism of brown rot decay of wood is still unclear and has been proposed to include a combination of nonenzymatic oxidation reactions and carbohydrate-active enzymes. Therefore, a linking approach is needed to dissect the fungal brown rot processes. We studied the brown rot Polyporales species Fomitopsis pinicola by following mycelial growth and enzyme activity patterns and generating metabolites together with Fenton-promoting Fe3+-reducing activity for 3 months in submerged cultures supplemented with spruce wood. Enzyme activities to degrade hemicellulose, cellulose, proteins, and chitin were produced by three Finnish isolates of F. pinicola. Substantial secretion of oxalic acid and a decrease in pH were notable. Aromatic compounds and metabolites were observed to accumulate in the fungal cultures, with some metabolites having Fe3+-reducing activity. Thus, F. pinicola demonstrates a pattern of strong mycelial growth leading to the active production of carbohydrate- and protein-active enzymes, together with the promotion of Fenton biochemistry. Our findings point to fungal species-level “fine-tuning” and variations in the biochemical reactions leading to the brown rot type of wood decay.IMPORTANCE Fomitopsis pinicola is a common fungal species in boreal and temperate forests in the Northern Hemisphere encountered as a wood-colonizing saprotroph and tree pathogen, causing a severe brown rot type of wood degradation. However, its lignocellulose-decomposing mechanisms have remained undiscovered. Our approach was to explore both the enzymatic activities and nonenzymatic Fenton reaction-promoting activities (Fe3+ reduction and metabolite production) by cultivating three isolates of F. pinicola in wood-supplemented cultures. Our findings on the simultaneous production of versatile enzyme activities, including those of endoglucanase, xylanase, β-glucosidase, chitinase, and acid peptidase, together with generation of low pH, accumulation of oxalic acid, and Fe3+-reducing metabolites, increase the variations of fungal brown rot decay mechanisms. Furthermore, these findings will aid us in revealing the wood decay proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolic activities of this ecologically important forest fungal species.

scholarly journals The decomposition of wood mass under conditions of climax spruce stands and related mycoflora in the Krkonoše Mountains

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Janovský ◽  
A. Vágner ◽  
J. Apltauer
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Wood Decomposition ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Spruce Stands

The mycoflora was investigated under the conditions of climax spruce stands in the Krkonoše Mountains in relation to wood decomposition. The areas under observation have been affected more or less by air pollution since the eighties. The average mass of deadwood found on the plots is 124 m<sup>3</sup> per ha – the mass of fallen trunks is about 32 m3 per ha, mean value from total average. About 128 species of macrofungi were identified that besides others included 43 species of wood-decaying fungi. Also 54 mycorrhizal species were identified. Among the mycorrhizal fungi about 10 species were dominant, such as Laccaria laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Cooke, Lactarius helvus Fr., Lactarius mitissimus Fr., Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr., Russula emetica (Schaeff.: Fr.) Pers. and Russula ochroleuca Pers. etc. Concerning the volume of decomposed wood on monitored plots in climax spruce stands, the prevalent wood-decaying fungi are brown rot fungi. The proportion of brown rot fungi in wood decomposition is 60–95% of deadwood mass on the plots of climax spruce stands. A dominant species is Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) P. Karst. causing the brown rot. Concerning the group of white rot fungi, the most important is Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. &amp; Schw.: Fr.) Fr., participating by 17% in wood decomposition on plots damaged by deer.

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