L2 Knowledge of the Obligatory French Subjunctive: Offline Measures and Eye Tracking Compared

Extensive research has shown that second language (L2) learners find it difficult to apply grammatical knowledge during real-time processing, especially when differences exist between the first (L1) and L2. The current study examines the extent to which British English-speaking learners of French can apply their grammatical knowledge of the French subjunctive during real-time processing, and whether this ability is modulated by the properties of the L1 grammar, and/or proficiency. Data from an acceptability judgment task and an eye-tracking during reading experiment revealed that L2 learners had knowledge of the subjunctive, but were unable to apply this knowledge when reading for comprehension. Such findings therefore suggest that L2 knowledge of the subjunctive, at least at the proficiency levels tested in this study, is largely metalinguistic (explicit) in nature and that reduced lexical access and/or limited computational resources (e.g., working memory) prevented learners from fully utilising their grammatical representations during real-time processing.

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Processing tense/aspect-agreement violations on-line in the second language: A self-paced reading study with French and German L2 learners of English

Second language Research ◽

10.1177/0267658313503171 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 413-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Leah Roberts ◽

Sarah Ann Liszka

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

Real Time ◽

Judgment Task ◽

Present Perfect ◽

Real Time Processing ◽

The Past ◽

Processing Cost ◽

L2 Learners ◽

On Line ◽

Reading Experiment

In this article, we report the results of a self-paced reading experiment designed to investigate the question of whether or not advanced French and German learners of English as a second language (L2) are sensitive to tense/aspect mismatches between a fronted temporal adverbial and the inflected verb that follows (e.g. * Last week, James has gone swimming every day) in their on-line comprehension. The L2 learners were equally able to distinguish correctly the past simple from the present perfect as measured by a traditional cloze test production task. They were also both able to assess the mismatch items as less acceptable than the match items in an off-line judgment task. Using a self-paced reading task, we investigated whether they could access this knowledge during real-time processing. Despite performing similarly in the explicit tasks, the two learner groups processed the experimental items differently from each other in real time. On-line, only the French L2 learners were sensitive to the mismatch conditions in both the past simple and the present perfect contexts, whereas the German L2 learners did not show a processing cost at all for either mismatch type. We suggest that the performance differences between the L2 groups can be explained by influences from the learners’ first language (L1): namely, only those whose L1 has grammaticized aspect (French) were sensitive to the tense/aspect violations on-line, and thus could be argued to have implicit knowledge of English tense/aspect distinctions.

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Limits on expectation-based processing: Use of grammatical aspect for co-reference in L2

Applied Psycholinguistics ◽

10.1017/s0142716420000582 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-25

Author(s):

Theres Grüter ◽

Hannah Rohde

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Language Processing ◽

Judgment Task ◽

Linguistic Knowledge ◽

Real Time Processing ◽

Time Processing ◽

Grammatical Aspect ◽

Level Information ◽

Native Speakers Of English ◽

Reference Processing

Abstract This study examines the use of discourse-level information to create expectations about reference in real-time processing, testing whether patterns previously observed among native speakers of English generalize to nonnative speakers. Findings from a visual-world eye-tracking experiment show that native (L1; N = 53) but not nonnative (L2; N = 52) listeners’ proactive coreference expectations are modulated by grammatical aspect in transfer-of-possession events. Results from an offline judgment task show these L2 participants did not differ from L1 speakers in their interpretation of aspect marking on transfer-of-possession predicates in English, indicating it is not lack of linguistic knowledge but utilization of this knowledge in real-time processing that distinguishes the groups. English proficiency, although varying substantially within the L2 group, did not modulate L2 listeners’ use of grammatical aspect for reference processing. These findings contribute to the broader endeavor of delineating the role of prediction in human language processing in general, and in the processing of discourse-level information among L2 users in particular.

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Improvements to strip-based digital image registration for robust eye-tracking and to minimize distortions in images from scanned ophthalmic imaging systems

10.1101/2020.12.07.414854 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Min Zhang ◽

Elena Gofas-Salas ◽

Bianca T. Leonard ◽

Yuhua Rui ◽

Valerie Snyder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Image Registration ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Real Time ◽

Imaging Systems ◽

Scanning Laser ◽

Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy ◽

Real Time Processing ◽

Time Processing ◽

Ophthalmic Imaging ◽

Eye Motion

ABSTRACTRetinal image-based eye tracking from scanned ophthalmic imaging systems, such as scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, has allowed for precise real-time eye tracking at sub-micron resolution. To achieve real-time processing rates, strip-based image registration methods for real-time applications have several constraints that limit their performance. This trade-off is acceptable for many imaging and psychophysical applications but when the objective is precise eye motion measurement over time, a high error tolerance can be consequential. Dropped strips in these applications can complicate FEMs quantification. Some light starved imaging applications, such as autofluorescence retinal imaging, also require the retention and registration of as much of the data as possible to increase the signal to noise ratio in the final integrated or averaged image. We show here that eye motion can be extracted from image sequences from scanned imaging systems more consistently when the constraints of real-time processing are lifted, and all data is available at the time of registration. This is enabled with additional image processing steps to achieve a more robust solution. Our iterative approach identifies and discards distorted frames, detects coarse motion to generate a synthetic reference frame and then uses it for fine scale motion tracking with improved sensitivity over a larger area. We demonstrate its application here to tracking scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (TSLO) and adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO). We show that it can successfully capture most of the eye motion across each image sequence, leaving only between 0.04-3.39% of non-blink frames untracked, even with low quality images, while simultaneously minimizing image distortions induced from eye motion. These improvements will facilitate precise FEMs measurement in TSLO and longitudinal tracking of individual cells in AOSLO.

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A real-time processing system for determination of metabolic rates of a suited astronaut

10.2514/6.1969-993 ◽

1969 ◽

Author(s):

D. BILLINGSLEY ◽

G. HUMBERT ◽

R. KELLY

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Processing System ◽

Metabolic Rates ◽

Real Time Processing ◽

Time Processing

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Integration of 3D Modeling and Real-time Processing for Enhancement of Anisotropic Formation Evaluation with Borehole Multicomponent Induction Measurements

10.2523/17124-ms ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Junsheng Hou ◽

Luis San Martin ◽

David Torres

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

3D Modeling ◽

Real Time Processing ◽

Time Processing ◽

Formation Evaluation ◽

Anisotropic Formation

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GPU Acceleration of Algorithm to Design Directional Volumetric Display for Real-time Processing

Proceedings of the International Display Workshops ◽

10.36463/idw.2019.0989 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 989

Author(s):

Daiki Matsumoto ◽

Ryuji Hirayama ◽

Naoto Hoshikawa ◽

Hirotaka Nakayama ◽

Tomoyoshi Shimobaba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Gpu Acceleration ◽

Real Time Processing ◽

Time Processing ◽

Volumetric Display

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Putting up barriers

10.1093/oso/9780198785156.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

David J. Lobina

Keyword(s):

Knowledge Base ◽

Real Time ◽

Language Processing ◽

Cognitive Domain ◽

Linguistic Knowledge ◽

Levels Of Explanation ◽

Real Time Processing ◽

Time Processing ◽

Neural Underpinnings ◽

Different Levels

The study of cognitive phenomena is best approached in an orderly manner. It must begin with an analysis of the function in intension at the heart of any cognitive domain (its knowledge base), then proceed to the manner in which such knowledge is put into use in real-time processing, concluding with a domain’s neural underpinnings, its development in ontogeny, etc. Such an approach to the study of cognition involves the adoption of different levels of explanation/description, as prescribed by David Marr and many others, each level requiring its own methodology and supplying its own data to be accounted for. The study of recursion in cognition is badly in need of a systematic and well-ordered approach, and this chapter lays out the blueprint to be followed in the book by focusing on a strict separation between how this notion applies in linguistic knowledge and how it manifests itself in language processing.

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