scholarly journals Lead-Free Halide Double Perovskites: A Review of the Structural, Optical, and Stability Properties as Well as Their Viability to Replace Lead Halide Perovskites

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edson Meyer ◽  
Dorcas Mutukwa ◽  
Nyengerai Zingwe ◽  
Raymond Taziwa
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Double Perovskites ◽  
Stability Properties ◽  
Perovskite Materials ◽  
Halide Perovskites ◽  
Halide Perovskite ◽  
Light Absorbers ◽  
Lead Halide

Perovskite solar cells employ lead halide perovskite materials as light absorbers. These perovskite materials have shown exceptional optoelectronic properties, making perovskite solar cells a fast-growing solar technology. Perovskite solar cells have achieved a record efficiency of over 20%, which has superseded the efficiency of Gräztel dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) technology. Even with their exceptional optical and electric properties, lead halide perovskites suffer from poor stability. They degrade when exposed to moisture, heat, and UV radiation, which has hindered their commercialization. Moreover, halide perovskite materials consist of lead, which is toxic. Thus, exposure to these materials leads to detrimental effects on human health. Halide double perovskites with A2B′B″X6 (A = Cs, MA; B′ = Bi, Sb; B″ = Cu, Ag, and X = Cl, Br, I) have been investigated as potential replacements of lead halide perovskites. This work focuses on providing a detailed review of the structural, optical, and stability properties of these proposed perovskites as well as their viability to replace lead halide perovskites. The triumphs and challenges of the proposed lead-free A2B′B″X6 double perovskites are discussed here in detail.

scholarly journals A Review on Lead-Free Hybrid Halide Perovskites as Light Absorbers for Photovoltaic Applications Based on Their Structural, Optical, and Morphological Properties

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 5039
Author(s):  
Shadrack J. Adjogri ◽  
Edson L. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Hybrid Perovskite ◽  
Photovoltaic Applications ◽  
Halide Perovskites ◽  
Halide Perovskite ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Light Absorbers

Despite the advancement made by the scientific community in the evolving photovoltaic technologies, including the achievement of a 29.1% power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells over the past two decades, there are still numerous challenges facing the advancement of lead-based halide perovskite absorbers for perovskite photovoltaic applications. Among the numerous challenges, the major concern is centered around the toxicity of the emerging lead-based halide perovskite absorbers, thereby leading to drawbacks for their pragmatic application and commercialization. Hence, the replacement of lead in the perovskite material with non-hazardous metal has become the central focus for the actualization of hybrid perovskite technology. This review focuses on lead-free hybrid halide perovskites as light absorbers with emphasis on how their chemical compositions influence optical properties, morphological properties, and to a certain extent, the stability of these perovskite materials.

Mixed cation hybrid lead halide perovskites with enhanced performance and stability

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (23) ◽  
pp. 11450-11461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Xu ◽  
Taiyang Zhang ◽  
Ge Li ◽  
Yixin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Mixed Cation ◽  
Halide Perovskites ◽  
Halide Perovskite ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Lead Halide

The mixed cation lead halide perovskite solar cells exhibited improved performance and enhanced stabilities.

scholarly journals Lead-Free Perovskite Materials for Solar Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minghao Wang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Ben Ma ◽  
Wei Shen ◽  
Lihui Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Photovoltaic Performance ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Field Application ◽  
First Principles Calculation ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Perovskite Materials ◽  
Halide Perovskites

AbstractThe toxicity issue of lead hinders large-scale commercial production and photovoltaic field application of lead halide perovskites. Some novel non- or low-toxic perovskite materials have been explored for development of environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This review studies the substitution of equivalent/heterovalent metals for Pb based on first-principles calculation, summarizes the theoretical basis of lead-free perovskites, and screens out some promising lead-free candidates with suitable bandgap, optical, and electrical properties. Then, it reports notable achievements for the experimental studies of lead-free perovskites to date, including the crystal structure and material bandgap for all of lead-free materials and photovoltaic performance and stability for corresponding devices. The review finally discusses challenges facing the successful development and commercialization of lead-free PSCs and predicts the prospect of lead-free PSCs in the future.

scholarly journals Comment on “Resolving spatial and energetic distributions of trap states in metal halide perovskite solar cells”

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 371 (6532) ◽  
pp. eabd8014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandheep Ravishankar ◽  
Thomas Unold ◽  
Thomas Kirchartz
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Drive Level ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Trap States ◽  
Perovskite Layer ◽  
Metal Halide Perovskite ◽  
Halide Perovskites ◽  
Halide Perovskite ◽  
Lead Halide

Ni et al. (Research Articles, 20 March 2020, p. 1352) report bulk trap densities of 1011 cm–3 and an increase in interfacial trap densities by one to four orders of magnitude from drive-level capacitance profiling of lead halide perovskites. From electrostatic arguments, we show that the results are not trap densities but are a consequence of the geometrical capacitance and charge injection into the perovskite layer.

scholarly journals Origin and Fundamentals of Perovskite Solar Cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Quasim Khan ◽  
Khursheed Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Power Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Power Conversion ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Perovskite Materials ◽  
Halide Perovskite ◽  
Lead Halide

In the last few decades, the energy demand has been increased dramatically. Different forms of energy have utilized to fulfill the energy requirements. Solar energy has been proven an effective and highly efficient energy source which has the potential to fulfill the energy requirements in the future. Previously, various kind of solar cells have been developed. In 2013, organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite materials have emerged as a rising star in the field of photovoltaics. The methyl ammonium lead halide perovskite structures were employed as visible light sensitizer for the development of highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In 2018, the highest power conversion efficiency of 23.7% was achieved for methyl ammonium lead halide based PSCs. This obtained highest power conversion efficiency makes them superior over other solar cells. The PSCs can be employed for practical uses, if their long term stability improved by utilizing some novel strategies. In this chapter, we have discussed the optoelectronic properties of the perovskite materials, construction of PSCs and recent advances in the electron transport layers for the fabrication of PSCs.

Engineering Electrodes and Metal Halide Perovskite Materials for Flexible/Stretchable Perovskite Solar Cells and Light-Emitting Diodes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung-Geun Lim ◽  
Tae-Hee Han ◽  
Tae-Woo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Metal Halide ◽  
Inorganic Hybrid ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Perovskite Materials ◽  
Metal Halide Perovskite ◽  
Halide Perovskites ◽  
Halide Perovskite

Organic-inorganic hybrid metal halide perovskites have excellent optoelectronic properties and are soft and resilient; therefore, they are appropriate for use in flexible and stretchable electronic devices. Commercialization of these perovskite...

Rational strategies toward efficient and stable lead-free tin halide perovskite solar cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongxu He ◽  
Liang Shen ◽  
Yang Bai ◽  
Lianzhou Wang
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Halide Perovskite ◽  
Lead Halide

Despite the incredible progress of lead halide perovskite solar cells (LHPSCs), concerns remain regarding the potential impacts to the environment and human heath arising from the toxic and dissolvable lead...

scholarly journals Improving the Aesthetics and Performance of Perovskite Materials for Photovoltaics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Tamara D. McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Perovskite Materials ◽  
Device Efficiency ◽  
Lower Light ◽  
Halide Perovskite ◽  
Lead Halide

Within the last decade, lead halide perovskite solar cells have rapidly evolved to the cusp of commercialisation. Current record device efficiencies have surpassed 25% however; a principal limitation of these materials is their instability on exposure to ambient conditions. Methylammonium lead tri-bromide (MAPbBr3) perovskite has shown superior stability over other lead halide perovskite materials, yet the efficiencies of MAPbBr3 devices are significantly lower with a record efficiency of 10.4%. This research investigates the treatment of MAPbBr3 perovskite solar cells with organic dyes of complementary absorbance in a bid to maximise the light harvesting, increase the photocurrent and improve the device efficiency. Initial investigations focused on developing an optimised build method capable of manufacturing MAPbBr3 devices which consistently achieve above 1% efficiency. The optical characterisation of six organic dyes revealed a red indoline dye, D205 and a blue squaraine, SQ2 (which both absorb strongly between 300-700 nm) would offer the best complementary absorbance to MAPbBr3 perovskite. On adding the dyes, the perovskite layer underwent an evident colour change highlighting the potential for coloured perovskite cells which could be beneficial for building-integrated applications. MAPbBr3 cells co-sensitised using a novel method (which sensitises the film after perovskite crystallisation) show improved efficiency (2.6% SQ2, 3.1% D205) over perovskite-only devices (2%) with a 10% photocurrent contribution from the dye. Whilst increases in the photocurrent are observed with co-sensitisation, increased device efficiencies are mainly derived from improvements in the fill factor. We also see lower series resistance and increased photoluminescence lifetime with co-sensitisation where control and co-sensitised MAPbBr3 thin-films produce average lifetimes of 0.44 ns and 0.80 ns, respectively. Further investigation has revealed the dye solvent, toluene, and the dye both help to improve device performance acting as both a treatment and a second sensitiser in the device by passivating defects and lowering recombination losses whilst providing additional photocurrent through increased absorbance. As a result, co-sensitised devices show slower recombination kinetics resulting in increased open-circuit voltage under lower light levels. These effects have proven beneficial for thicker co-sensitised devices (>0.7 µm) where they have often translated into large increases in device efficiency. In future, this may be beneficial for indoor or lower light level PV systems including within the rapidly expanding internet of things market.

scholarly journals High open-circuit voltages in lead-halide perovskite solar cells: experiment, theory and open questions

2019 ◽  
Vol 377 (2152) ◽  
pp. 20180286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kirchartz
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Halide Perovskites ◽  
Halide Perovskite ◽  
Open Circuit Voltages ◽  
Lead Halide

One of the most significant features of lead-halide perovskites is their ability to have comparably slow recombination despite the fact that these materials are mostly processed from solution at room temperature. The slow recombination allows achieving high open-circuit voltages when the lead-halide perovskite layers are used in solar cells. This perspective discusses the state of the art of our understanding and of experimental data with regard to recombination and open-circuit voltages in lead-halide perovskites. A special focus is put onto open questions that the community has to tackle to design future photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices based on lead-halide perovskites and other semiconductors with similar properties. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Energy materials for a low carbon future’.

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