Menstimulus Tumbuh Kembang Balita Dengan Gizi Seimbang Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19

ABSTRAK Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak distimulus oleh pemenuhan gizi seimbang. Masalah gizi seimbang disebabkan karena asupan nutrisi yang kurang dan tingginya penyakit infeksi. Gugus Penanganan Covid-19 di Indonesia merilis bahwa kasus anak terkonfirmasi positif Covid-19 semakin meningkat bahkan menduduki peringkat pertama di Asia Tenggara. Provinsi Jawa Barat (31%) sebagai penyumbang tertinggi di Bogor (28%), masalah gizi khususnya stunting terjadi di Kecamatan Caringin sebanyak 30%. Berdasarkan survey berat badan balita menggunakan KMS (Kartu Menuju Sehat) didapatkan berat badan balita 45% berada di garis hijau tua (gizi baik), 35% berada di garis hijau muda bawah (premalnutrisi), dan 20% berada digaris hijau muda atas (preobesitas), selain itu ditemukan juga balita yang memiliki kebiasaan sering jajan makanan di warung. Tujuan kegiatan ini untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan ibu-ibu tentang cara menstimulus tumbuh kembang balita dengan memenuhi kebutuhan gizi seimbang pada balita. Promosi kesehatan yang diberikan menggunakan power point, video, leaflet serta tanya jawab. Terdapat 80% peningkatan pengetahuan ibu-ibu yang memiliki anak balita tentang cara menstimulus tumbuh kembang balita dengan gizi seimbang dan cara mengolah makanan sehat serta memodifikasi makanan balita di masa pandemic covid-19. Kata kunci : Gizi Seimbang, Menstimulasi, Tumbuh Kembang. ABSTRACT The growth and development of children are stimulated by the fulfillment of balanced nutrition. Balanced nutrition problems are caused by inadequate nutritional intake and highly infectious diseases. The Covid-19 Handling Group in Indonesia released that cases of children who were confirmed positive for Covid-19 were increasing and even ranked first in Southeast Asia. West Java Province (31%) as the highest contributor in Bogor (28%), nutritional problems, especially stunting, occurred in Caringin District as much as 30%. Based on a survey of toddlers' weight using the KMS (Card Towards Healthy) it was found that 45% of toddlers' weight was in the dark green line (good nutrition), 35% was in the lower light green line (premalnutrition), and 20% was in the upper light green line (pre obesity). besides that, it was also found that toddlers had a habit of often snacking at food stalls. The purpose of this activity is to increase the knowledge of mothers on how to stimulate the growth and development of toddlers by meeting the needs of balanced nutrition in toddlers. Health promotions are provided using power points, videos, leaflets, and questions and answers. There is an 80% increase in knowledge of mothers who have toddlers about how to stimulate toddler growth and development with balanced nutrition and how to process healthy food and modify toddler food during the covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Balanced Nutrition, Stimulating, Growth.

Optimization of photovoltaic conversion performance of a TiO2 based dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)

Combined theoretical and experimental investigations are carried out to achieve an optimum photovoltaic (PV) conversion performance (η) of a DSSC. All theoretical studies are done in tiberCAD software, wherein simulated parameters are calibrated and correlated with the measured experimental parameters of a DSSC fabricated using nearly spherical shape nanosize TiO2 working electrode. For two types of dye molecules, theoretically optimized electrode’s thicknesses were 6 µm (η~6.45%) and 18 µm (η~7.51%) for DB and LEG4 dyes, respectively. Relatively a better short-circuit photocurrent density (JSC) was found for a LEG4 dye although it had a lower light absorbance compared to a DB dye. The theoretical investigation revealed that charge recombination of a DB dye is 7 times higher than that of a LEG4 dye, and this high recombination becomes one of the most critical factors affecting the overall incident photon to current conversion efficiency.

Polyamine Metabolism under Different Light Regimes in Wheat

Although the relationship between polyamines and photosynthesis has been investigated at several levels, the main aim of this experiment was to test light-intensity-dependent influence of polyamine metabolism with or without exogenous polyamines. First, the effect of the duration of the daily illumination, then the effects of different light intensities (50, 250, and 500 μmol m–2 s–1) on the polyamine metabolism at metabolite and gene expression levels were investigated. In the second experiment, polyamine treatments, namely putrescine, spermidine and spermine, were also applied. The different light quantities induced different changes in the polyamine metabolism. In the leaves, light distinctly induced the putrescine level and reduced the 1,3-diaminopropane content. Leaves and roots responded differently to the polyamine treatments. Polyamines improved photosynthesis under lower light conditions. Exogenous polyamine treatments influenced the polyamine metabolism differently under individual light regimes. The fine-tuning of the synthesis, back-conversion and terminal catabolism could be responsible for the observed different polyamine metabolism-modulating strategies, leading to successful adaptation to different light conditions.

Mathematical Analysis of Electrical Responses in Photoreceptor Cells Reveals Distinct Chemical Control of Visual Signal Transduction in Rods and Cones.

Retinal photoreceptor cells, rods and cones, convert photons of light into chemical and electrical signals as the first step of the visual transduction cascade. Although the chemical processes in the phototransduction system are very similar to each other in these photoreceptors, the light sensitivity and time resolution of the photoresponse in rods are functionally different than those in the photoresponses of cones. To systematically investigate how photoresponses are divergently regulated in rods and cones, we have developed a detailed mathematical model on the basis of the Hamer model. The current model successfully reconstructed light intensity-, ATP- and GTP-dependent changes in concentrations of phosphorylated visual pigments (VPs), activated transducins (Tr*s) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs), as well as cyclic nucleotide-gated currents (ICNG) in rods and cones. In comparison to rods, the lower light sensitivity of cones was attributed not only to the lower affinity of activated VPs for Trs but also to the faster desensitization of the VPs. The assumption of an intermediate inactive state, MIIi, in the thermal decay of activated VPs was pivotal for inducing faster inactivation of VPs. In addition to the faster inactivation of VPs, calculating a faster rate of RGS9 intervention for PDE-induced Tr* inactivation in cones was indispensable for simulating the electrical waveforms of the light intensity-dependent ICNG at higher temporal resolution in experimental systems in vivo.

Smaller species experience mild adversity under shading in an old-field plant community

Plant competition experiments commonly suggest that larger species have an advantage, especially in light acquisition. However, within crowded natural vegetation, where competition evidently impacts fitness, most resident species are relatively small. It remains unclear, therefore, whether the size-advantage observed in controlled experiments is realized in habitats under intensive competition. We tested for evidence of a size-advantage in competition for light in an old-field plant community composed of herbaceous perennial species. We investigated whether larger species contributed to reduced light penetration (i.e., greater shading), and examined the impact of shade on smaller species by testing whether their abundance and richness were lower in plots with less light penetration. Light penetration in plots ranged from 0.3-72.4%. Plots with greater mean species height had significantly lower light penetration. Plots with lower light penetration had significantly lower small species abundance and richness. However, the impact of shade on small species abundance and richness was relatively small (R values between 8% and 15%) and depended on how we defined “small species”. Significant effects were more common when analyses focused on individuals that reached reproduction; focusing on only flowering plants can clarify patterns. Our results confirm that light penetration in herbaceous vegetation can be comparable to levels seen in forests, that plots with taller species cast more shade, and that smaller species are less abundant and diverse in plots where light penetration is low. However, variation in mean plot height explained less than 10% of variation in light penetration, and light penetration explained 5-15% of variation in small species abundance and richness. Coupled with the fact that reproductive small species were present even within the most heavily shaded plots, our results suggest that any advantage in light competition by large species is limited. One explanation is that some small species in these communities are shade tolerant.

Avoidance of different durations, colours and intensities of artificial light by adult seabirds

There is increasing evidence for impacts of light pollution on the physiology and behaviour of wild animals. Nocturnally active Procellariiform seabirds are often found grounded in areas polluted by light and struggle to take to the air again without human intervention. Hence, understanding their responses to different wavelengths and intensities of light is urgently needed to inform mitigation measures. Here, we demonstrate how different light characteristics can affect the nocturnal flight of Manx shearwaters Puffinus puffinus by experimentally introducing lights at a colony subject to low levels of light pollution due to passing ships and coastal developments. The density of birds in flight above the colony was measured using a thermal imaging camera. We compared number of flying shearwaters under dark conditions and in response to an artificially introduced light, and observed fewer birds in flight during ‘light-on’ periods, suggesting that adult shearwaters were repelled by the light. This effect was stronger with higher light intensity, increasing duration of ‘light-on’ periods and with green and blue compared to red light. Thus, we recommend lower light intensity, red colour, and shorter duration of ‘light-on’ periods as mitigation measures to reduce the effects of light at breeding colonies and in their vicinity.

Costs and Limitations of Marine Synechococcus Blue-Green Chromatic Acclimation

Benefits and trade-offs of blue/green chromatic acclimation (CA4) have received limited study. We investigated the energetic costs associated with executing chromatic acclimation using a fluorescence-based calculation of light use efficiency. Using laboratory cultures and artificial light environments, we show that the delayed response to acclimation known to occur in marine Synechococcus acclimating strains (generalists) in green light do not reduce light use efficiency in green light, but that only one generalist, RCC307, with a much smaller range of acclimation, had higher light use efficiency than blue and green light specialist strains. Generalists with a wider acclimation range either had the same or >30% lower light use efficiencies in blue and green light environments. From this work, we propose that advantages from CA4 may not be geared at direct competition with other Synechococcus specialists with fixed pigment types, but may serve to expand the ecological range of Synechococcus in spectral competition with other genera. As all eight Synechococcus strains tested had higher light use efficiency in green light, regardless of a fixed or flexible light harvesting strategy, we add evidence to the suitability of the Synechococcus genus to greener ocean niches, whether stable, or variable.

Shade lichens are characterized by rapid relaxation of non-photochemical quenching on transition to darkness

Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) plays an important role in protecting photosynthetic organisms from photoinhibition by dissipating excess light energy as heat. However, excess NPQ can greatly reduce the quantum yield of photosynthesis at lower light levels. Recently, there has been considerable interest in understanding how plants balance NPQ to ensure optimal productivity in environments in which light levels are rapidly changing. In the present study, chlorophyll fluorescence was used to study the induction and relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in the dark and the induction of photosynthesis in ten species of lichens, five sampled from exposed and five sampled from shaded habitats. Here we show that the main difference between sun and shade lichens is the rate at which NPQ relaxes in the dark, rather than the speed that photosynthesis starts upon illumination. During the first two minutes in the dark, NPQ values in the five sun species declined only by an average of 2%, while by contrast, in shade species the average decline was 40%. For lichens growing in microhabitats where light levels are rapidly changing, rapid relaxation of NPQ may enable their photobionts to use the available light most efficiently.

Welfare of broiler chickens reared under two different types of housing

We compared closed- and open-sided industrial houses with respect to the welfare of broiler chickens in southern Brazil. Ten flocks from each design were evaluated and measures divided into the following categories: i) bird health: contact dermatitis on the breast and abdominal areas, bird soiling, foot-pad dermatitis, hock burn, lameness, fractures, bruising, scratches, dead on arrival, diseases; ii) environmental measurements: relative humidity, temperature, air velocity, ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), light intensity, litter moisture; iii) behaviour: bird behaviour, touch test; and iv) affective states: qualitative behaviour assessment. Closed-sided houses showed worse contact dermatitis on the breast and abdominal areas, lower exploratory behaviour prevalence, higher NH3 (11.2 [± 6.8] vs 7.5 [± 3.9] ppm) and CO2 (1,124.9 [± 561.5] vs 841.0 [± 158.0] ppm), lower light intensity (6.9 [± 6.3] vs 274.2 [± 241.9] lux), while open-sided houses had a higher prevalence for scratches and panting behaviour, and lower air velocity (2.1 [± 0.7] vs 1.1 [± 1.0] m s–1). Stocking densities of 13.9 (± 0.4) and 12.0 (± 0.3) per m2 for closed- and open-sided houses, respectively, likely influenced some results. All values shown are means (± SD). Even though open-sided houses presented fewer animal welfare restrictions (according to five indicators as opposed to three for closed-sided houses), both revealed important welfare problems, evidenced by poor environmental indicators, behavioural restrictions and injuries.

Do Attention and Memory Tasks Require the Same Lighting? A Study in University Classrooms

Lighting plays a fundamental role in learning spaces as it influences students’ performance. Nowadays, new technologies and new teaching methods in higher education mean that very different visual tasks are performed in the classroom, so further research is necessary to identify what lighting is best suited to these new tasks. The objective of the study is to analyse the impact that variations in levels of illuminance and Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) of classrooms have on the cognitive functions (attention and memory) of university students. The cognitive performance of 90 participants was evaluated based on attention and memory tasks. The participants had to view nine virtual classroom configurations, with three different illuminance settings (100 lx, 300 lx and 500 lx) and three CCTs (3000 K, 4000 K and 6500 K). The results showed that attention and memory tasks require different level of illumination. While attention improves with higher light levels, memory improves with lower light levels. Higher CCTs generate better performance in both attention and memory tasks. These results highlight the link between lighting and students’ cognitive responses. This study and its methodology can be useful for architects and researchers as they establish lighting design guidelines capable of improving students’ cognitive processes.