Purpose/audience: this study targets designers, clinicians and biomedical engineers who are involved in digital surgical planning and patient-specific medical device design, either in hospitals, universities or companies. A commonly accepted, standardized design process does not exist in this specialized but highly variable field, and this can make regulatory compliance via the implementation of quality standards more difficult. Methodology/approach: an article-based design pro-forma was created based on needs identified in previous work. It was structured in order to broadly standardize the design process; consolidate planning and modelling behaviours into discrete clusters; anticipate decision-making on key product requirements; facilitate focused discussion with clients (surgeons); create a pleasurable experience for the designer; and encourage detailed reporting of design decisions and therefore to lower barriers to Quality Management System (QMS) implementation and adherence. The performance of the pro-forma was verified using observation, simultaneous verbalization and semi-structured interviews. Three participants across two contexts were observed designing without and then with the pro-forma. Their behaviours and comments were recorded, their designed outcomes evaluated and their quality compliance assessed. Findings: The design workflow was shown to be segmented and contained within distinct and repeatable steps when using the pro-forma. Reported participant confidence increased and stress decreased. Contact time between participants and clients was consolidated. Designed outputs and documented records successfully complied with generalizable aspects of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 13485 standard. However, it did not, and by definition could never, wholly implement a complete certifiable QMS, which must be tailored to a specific organization. Implications for practice, society or research: as demand for patient-specific devices continues to rise, and as regulatory requirements about QMS adherence extend to cover all contexts, organizations will need to react accordingly. This pro-forma offers a clear direction for how to introduce evidence-based best practices, and a starting point for full QMS certification. Originality/value: this research marks the first attempt to standardize this highly specialized design process across users, tools and contexts.
The Role of Soft Robotic Micromachines in the Future of Medical Devices and Personalized Medicine
