Towards Higher Oil Yield and Quality of Essential Oil Extracted from Aquilaria malaccensis Wood via the Subcritical Technique

A method that delivers a high yield and excellent quality of essential oil, which retains most of its value-added compounds, and undergoes least change after the extraction process, is greatly sought after. Although chemical free methods are acceptable, they call for an extensive processing time, while the yield and quality from these methods are often disappointing. This work utilizes subcritical water technology to address these issues. In this undertaking, essential oil was extracted from Aquilaria malaccensis wood by way of subcritical conditions, and characterized through gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Optimization through response surface methodology revealed temperature to be the most critical factor for the extraction process, while the optimum conditions for temperature, sample-to-solvent ratio, and time for subcritical water extraction was revealed as 225 °C, 0.2 gr/mL, and 17 min, respectively. The subcritical water extraction technique involves two simultaneous processes, which are based on good fitting to the two-site kinetic and second order model. In comparison to the hydrodistillation method, GC/MS results indicated that the quality of A. malaccensis’ wood oils, derived through the subcritical water technique, are of significantly better quality, while containing many constructive value-added compounds, such as furfural and guaiacol, which are useful for the production of pesticides and medicines. Pore size, functional groups, and morphology analysis revealed the occurrence of substantial damage to the samples, which facilitated an improved extraction of bio-products. In comparison to conventional methods, the use of the subcritical method not only involves a shorter processing time, but also delivers a higher oil yield and quality.

Download Full-text

Subcritical water extraction of essential oil from Aquilaria malaccensis leaves

Separation Science and Technology ◽

10.1080/01496395.2019.1650768 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (15) ◽

pp. 2779-2798 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Samadi ◽

Z. Zainal Abidin ◽

H. Yoshida ◽

R. Yunus ◽

D.R. Awang Biak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Subcritical Water Extraction ◽

Aquilaria Malaccensis

Download Full-text

Subcritical Water Extraction of Chestnut Bark and Optimization of Process Parameters

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25122774 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (12) ◽

pp. 2774 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tanja Gagić ◽

Željko Knez ◽

Mojca Škerget

Keyword(s):

Process Parameters ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Total Phenol Content ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Subcritical Water Extraction ◽

Influence Of Process Parameters

The aim of the work was the optimization of the subcritical water extraction process of chestnut bark using Box–Behnken response surface methodology. The influence of process parameters, such as temperature, extraction time and solvent-solid ratio, on extraction yield, yield of the main compounds, total phenol content, total tannin content and antioxidant activity has been investigated. The identified compounds were ellagic and gallic acids, ellagitannins (vescalagin, castalagin, 1-o-galloyl castalagin, vescalin and castalin), sugars (maltose, glucose, fructose and arabinose) and sugar derivatives (5-HMF, furfural and levulinic acid). Finally, the optimal process conditions for obtaining the bark extract highly rich in ellagic acid and with satisfactory levels of total phenols and total tannins have been determined.

Download Full-text

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria Macrocarpa) Extract in Subcritical Water Extraction Process

IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1088/1757-899x/358/1/012033 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 358 ◽

pp. 012033 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N A Hashim ◽

S K Abdul Mudalip ◽

N Harun ◽

R Che Man ◽

S Z Sulaiman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Dynamics ◽

Molecular Dynamics Simulation ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Dynamics Simulation ◽

Subcritical Water Extraction ◽

Phaleria Macrocarpa

Download Full-text

Yield and Extraction Rate Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds from Eucheuma cottonii, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gracilaria sp. using Subcritical Water Extraction

ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.22146/ajche.60513 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Fesa Putra Kristanto ◽

Siti Machmudah ◽

Sugeng Winardi ◽

Wahyudiono Wahyudiono ◽

Motonobu Goto

Keyword(s):

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Extraction Rate ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Kinetics Model ◽

Optimum Temperature ◽

Subcritical Water Extraction ◽

Phytochemical Compounds ◽

Eucheuma Cottonii

Eucheuma cottonii (E. cottonii), Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), and Gracilaria sp. are plants that contain high phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, and tannins. In this work, the phytochemicals were obtained using the subcritical water extraction (SWE) process. The SWE method uses water as a solvent in subcritical conditions. Therefore, the SWE process is an environmentally friendly process for extraction. In order to run the SWE process optimally, measurement of the extraction rate of SWE is needed. Calculation of the extraction rate of SWE process used first and second-order models according to Lagergren equation. SWE process was started by setting temperatures from 140 to 180oC at a pressure of 7 MPa and solvent flow rate of 1 ml/min. Before starting the extraction, the raw material was loaded into the extractor. The raw materials used were E. cottonii, G. lucidum, and Gracilaria sp. The extraction process was carried out for 3 hours, and the product was collected every 30 minutes. The collected product was put into a sample bottle and dried using a freeze dryer. After that, the products obtained were balanced by an analytical scale. Based on the result, the optimum temperature for the SWE process was 180oC for E. cottonii and G. lucidum and 160oC for Gracilaria sp. The yields of the SWE process under the optimum temperature were 85.37%, 58.42%, and 75.73% for E. cottonii, G. lucidum, and Gracilaria sp, respectively. The extract contained phytochemical compounds detected by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The kinetics model of extraction rate for all variables exhibited a second-order kinetics model that indicated that the extraction process was influenced by more than one factor.

Download Full-text

Optimization studies and compositional analysis of subcritical water extraction of essential oil from Citrus hystrix DC. leaves

The Journal of Supercritical Fluids ◽

10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105384 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 105384

Author(s):

Noor Amirah Abdul Halim ◽

Zurina Zainal Abidin ◽

Shamsul Izhar Siajam ◽

Chong Gun Hean ◽

Mohd Razif Harun

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Compositional Analysis ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Subcritical Water Extraction

Download Full-text

Physicochemical, Thermal and Rheological Properties of Pectin Extracted from Sugar Beet Pulp Using Subcritical Water Extraction Process

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26051413 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 1413

Author(s):

Seyed Hadi Peighambardoust ◽

Maryam Jafarzadeh-Moghaddam ◽

Mirian Pateiro ◽

José M. Lorenzo ◽

Rubén Domínguez

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Corn Starch ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Value Added ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Sugar Beet Pulp ◽

Operational Parameters ◽

Subcritical Water Extraction ◽

Beet Pulp

The objective of this study was to characterize the properties of pectin extracted from sugar beet pulp using subcritical water (SWE) as compared to conventional extraction (CE). The research involved advanced modeling using response surface methodology and optimization of operational parameters. The optimal conditions for maximum yield of pectin for SWE and CE methods were determined by the central composite design. The optimum conditions of CE were the temperature of 90 °C, time of 240 min, pH of 1, and pectin recovery yield of 20.8%. The optimal SWE conditions were liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio of 30% (v/w) at temperature of 130 °C for 20 min, which resulted in a comparable yield of 20.7%. The effect of obtained pectins on viscoamylograph pasting and DSC thermal parameters of corn starch was evaluated. The contents of galacturonic acid, degree of methylation, acetylation, and ferulic acid content were higher in the pectin extracted by SWE, while the molecular weight was lower. Similar chemical groups were characterized by FTIR in both SWE and CE pectins. Color attributes of both pectins were similar. Solutions of pectins at lower concentrations displayed nearly Newtonian behavior. The addition of both pectins to corn starch decreased pasting and DSC gelatinization parameters, but increased ΔH. The results offered a promising scalable approach to convert the beet waste to pectin as a value-added product using SWE with improved pectin properties.

Download Full-text