Novel In Vitro Investigational Methods for Modeling Skin Permeation: Skin PAMPA, Raman Mapping

The human skin is marked as a standard by the regulatory agencies in the permeation study of dermal formulations. Artificial membranes can substitute human skin to some extent. Academicians and pharmaceutical corporations are focusing their efforts on developing standardized protocols and safe, reliable options to substitute human skin for carrying out permeability studies. Our research aim was to study the applicability of new techniques in the case of different types of dermal formulations. The skin parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) method and Raman mapping were compared to the gold-standard Franz cell method. A hydrogel and two types of creams were investigated as the most generally used dermal preparations. The values of the diffused drug were closer to each other in PAMPA and Franz cell measurement. The diffused amount of drug showed the same order for the different formulations. These results correlate well with the results of Raman mapping. Our conclusions suggest that all early screening examinations can be performed with model tools such as skin PAMPA supplemented with methods like Raman mapping as a semi-quantitative method.

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Skin permeation of retinol in Tween 20-based deformable liposomes: in-vitro evaluation in human skin and keratinocyte models

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ◽

10.1211/jpp.58.2.0002 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 161-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Yu-Kyoung Oh ◽

Mi Young Kim ◽

Jee-Young Shin ◽

Tae Woon Kim ◽

Mi-Ok Yun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Skin ◽

Skin Permeation ◽

Tween 20 ◽

In Vitro Evaluation

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Penetration of Chlorhexidine into Human Skin

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00637-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 52 (10) ◽

pp. 3633-3636 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

T. J. Karpanen ◽

T. Worthington ◽

B. R. Conway ◽

A. C. Hilton ◽

T. S. J. Elliott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Skin ◽

High Performance ◽

Skin Permeation ◽

Full Thickness ◽

Alternative Strategies ◽

Thickness Skin ◽

Skin Antisepsis ◽

Permeation Studies ◽

Franz Diffusion Cells

ABSTRACT This study evaluated a model of skin permeation to determine the depth of delivery of chlorhexidine into full-thickness excised human skin following topical application of 2% (wt/vol) aqueous chlorhexidine digluconate. Skin permeation studies were performed on full-thickness human skin using Franz diffusion cells with exposure to chlorhexidine for 2 min, 30 min, and 24 h. The concentration of chlorhexidine extracted from skin sections was determined to a depth of 1,500 μm following serial sectioning of the skin using a microtome and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Poor penetration of chlorhexidine into skin following 2-min and 30-min exposures to chlorhexidine was observed (0.157 ± 0.047 and 0.077 ± 0.015 μg/mg tissue within the top 100 μm), and levels of chlorhexidine were minimal at deeper skin depths (less than 0.002 μg/mg tissue below 300 μm). After 24 h of exposure, there was more chlorhexidine within the upper 100-μm sections (7.88 ± 1.37 μg/mg tissue); however, the levels remained low (less than 1 μg/mg tissue) at depths below 300 μm. There was no detectable penetration through the full-thickness skin. The model presented in this study can be used to assess the permeation of antiseptic agents through various layers of skin in vitro. Aqueous chlorhexidine demonstrated poor permeation into the deeper layers of the skin, which may restrict the efficacy of skin antisepsis with this agent. This study lays the foundation for further research in adopting alternative strategies for enhanced skin antisepsis in clinical practice.

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