scholarly journals Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Specialized Metabolites for Predicting Lichen Fitness and Snail Foraging

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Gadea ◽  
Mathieu Fanuel ◽  
Anne-Cécile Le Lamer ◽  
Joël Boustie ◽  
Hélène Rogniaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Imaging ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Optimal Defense Theory ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Reproductive Tissues ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Defense Theory

Lichens are slow-growing organisms supposed to synthetize specialized metabolites to protect themselves against diverse grazers. As predicted by the optimal defense theory (ODT), lichens are expected to invest specialized metabolites in higher levels in reproductive tissues compared to thallus. We investigated whether Laser Desorption Ionization coupled to Mass Spectrometry Imaging (LDI-MSI) could be a relevant tool for chemical ecology issues such as ODT. In the present study, this method was applied to cross-sections of thalli and reproductive tissues of the lichen Pseudocyphellaria crocata. Spatial mapping revealed phenolic families of metabolites. A quantification of these metabolites was carried out in addition to spatial imaging. By this method, accumulation of specialized metabolites was observed in both reproductive parts (apothecia and soralia) of P. crocata, but their nature depended on the lichen organs: apothecia concentrated norstictic acid, tenuiorin, and pulvinic acid derivatives, whereas soralia mainly contained tenuiorin and pulvinic acid. Stictic acid, tenuiorin and calycin, tested in no-choices feeding experiments, were deterrent for N. hookeri while entire thalli were consumed by the snail. To improve better knowledge in relationships between grazed and grazing organisms, LDI-MSI appears to be a complementary tool in ecological studies

scholarly journals Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Cross Sections from the Bacchanals Paintings of Nicolas Poussin

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 4463-4471
Author(s):  
Caroline Bouvier ◽  
Helen Glanville ◽  
Laurence de Viguerie ◽  
Chiara Merucci ◽  
Philippe Walter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Imaging ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nicolas Poussin ◽  
Secondary Ion

scholarly journals Herbivore feeding behavior validates optimal defense theory for specialized metabolites within plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Hunziker ◽  
Sophie Konstanze Lambertz ◽  
Konrad Weber ◽  
Christoph Crocoll ◽  
Barbara Ann Halkier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Optimal Defense Theory ◽  
Generalist Herbivore ◽  
Optimal Defense ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Physiological Evidence ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Plant Metabolite ◽  
Defense Theory

Numerous plants protect themselves from attackers using specialized metabolites. The biosynthesis of these deterrent, often toxic metabolites is costly, as their synthesis diverts energy and resources on account of growth and development. How plants diversify investments into growth and defense is explained by the optimal defense theory. The central prediction of the optimal defense theory is that plants maximize growth and defense by concentrating specialized metabolites in tissues that are decisive for fitness. To date, supporting physiological evidence merely relies on the correlation between plant metabolite distribution and animal feeding preference. Here, we use glucosinolates as a model to examine the effect of changes in chemical defense distribution on actual feeding behavior. Taking advantage of the uniform glucosinolate distribution in transporter mutants, we show that high glucosinolate accumulation in tissues important to fitness protects them by guiding larvae of a generalist herbivore to feed on other tissues. Moreover, we show that mature leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana supply young leaves with glucosinolates to optimize defense against herbivores. Our study provides physiological evidence for the central hypothesis of the optimal defense theory and sheds light on the importance of integrating glucosinolate biosynthesis and transport for optimizing plant defense.

Herbivore feeding preference corroborates optimal defense theory for specialized metabolites within plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (47) ◽  
pp. e2111977118
Author(s):  
Pascal Hunziker ◽  
Sophie Konstanze Lambertz ◽  
Konrad Weber ◽  
Christoph Crocoll ◽  
Barbara Ann Halkier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Optimal Defense Theory ◽  
Generalist Herbivore ◽  
Optimal Defense ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Physiological Evidence ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Plant Metabolite ◽  
Defense Theory

Numerous plants protect themselves from attackers by using specialized metabolites. The biosynthesis of these deterrent, often toxic metabolites is costly, as their synthesis diverts energy and resources on account of growth and development. How plants diversify investments into growth and defense is explained by the optimal defense theory. The central prediction of the optimal defense theory is that plants maximize growth and defense by concentrating specialized metabolites in tissues that are decisive for fitness. To date, supporting physiological evidence relies on the correlation between plant metabolite presence and animal feeding preference. Here, we use glucosinolates as a model to examine the effect of changes in chemical defense distribution on feeding preference. Taking advantage of the uniform glucosinolate distribution in transporter mutants, we show that high glucosinolate accumulation in tissues important to fitness protects them by guiding larvae of a generalist herbivore to feed on other tissues. Moreover, we show that the mature leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana supply young leaves with glucosinolates to optimize defense against herbivores. Our study provides physiological evidence for the central hypothesis of the optimal defense theory and sheds light on the importance of integrating glucosinolate biosynthesis and transport for optimizing plant defense.

scholarly journals Localization and Composition of Fructans in Stem and Rhizome of Agave tequilana Weber var. azul

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arely V. Pérez-López ◽  
June Simpson ◽  
Malcolm R. Clench ◽  
Alan D. Gomez-Vargas ◽  
José J. Ordaz-Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Ion Mobility ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Imaging ◽  
Stem Tissue ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Mobility Separation ◽  
Maldi Ims ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Ion Mobility Separation

Methodology combining mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) with ion mobility separation (IMS) has emerged as a biological imaging technique due to its versatility, sensitivity and label-free approach. This technique has been shown to separate isomeric compounds such as lipids, amino acids, carboxylic acids and carbohydrates. This report describes mass spectrometry imaging in combination with traveling-wave ion mobility separation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Positive ionization mode was used to locate fructans on tissue printed sections of Agave rhizome and stem tissue and distinguished fructan isoforms. Here we show the location of fructans ranging from DP3 to DP17 to be differentially abundant across the stem tissue and for the first time, experimental collision cross sections of endogenous fructan structures have been collected, revealing at least two isoforms for fructans of DP4, DP5, DP6, DP7, DP8, DP10, and DP11. This demonstrates that complex fructans such as agavins can be located and their isoforms resolved using a combination of MALDI, IMS, and MSI, without the need for extraction or derivatization. Use of this methodology uncovered patterns of fructan localization consistent with functional differences where higher DP fructans are found toward the central section of the stem supporting a role in long term carbohydrate storage whereas lower DP fructans are concentrated in the highly vascularized central core of rhizomes supporting a role in mobilization of carbohydrates from the mother plant to developing offsets. Tissue specific patterns of expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in fructan metabolism are consistent with fructan structures and localization.

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