scholarly journals Estimation of Magnitude and Heat Release Rate of Fires Occurring in Historic Buildings-Taking Churches as an Example

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9193
Author(s):  
Wen-Yao Chang ◽  
Chieh-Hsin Tang ◽  
Ching-Yuan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Water Mist ◽  
Smoke Detector ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Improvement Measures ◽  
Maximum Heat Release

Historical buildings often fail to meet today’s building and fire protection regulations due to their structure and space restrictions. For this reason, if such buildings encounter fire, serious damage will be resulted. The fire of the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris (Notre-Dame de Paris) in April 2019 highlights the seriousness of this problem. In this study, the historical building of “Tamsui Church” was selected as an example. The Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) was adopted to analyze the scale of damage and possible hazards when the wooden seats in the church are on fire, and improvement measures were proposed to ensure that such buildings can be used under safer conditions. It was found that the existing seat arrangement will cause the spreading of fire, and the maximum heat release rate is 2609.88 kW. The wooden roof frame above the fire source will also start to burn at 402.88 s (6.6 min) after the fire, which will lead to a full-scale fire. To maintain the safety of the historical building, it is necessary to add active firefighting equipment (smoke detector and water mist system).

scholarly journals A Numerical Study on the Effect of Volume Change in a Closed Compartment on Maximum Heat Release Rate

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Hong-Seok Yun ◽  
◽  
Dong-Gun Nam ◽  
Cheol-Hong Hwang ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Maximum Heat Release

scholarly journals Differences between Free and Compartment Burning of Furniture Part 2 Maximum Heat Release Rate and Fire Growth Rate

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-527
Author(s):  
Akihide Jo ◽  
Takayuki Orito ◽  
Norichika Kakae ◽  
Yoshifumi Ohmiya ◽  
Kaoru Wakatsuki
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Maximum Heat Release

Burning Behavior of Upholstered Furniture Mockups

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Krasny ◽  
Vytenis Babrauskas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Combustion Product ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Product Concentration ◽  
Light Olefin ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Maximum Heat Release ◽  
Furniture Calorimeter

Furniture mockups consisting of various arrangements of full-size cushions were tested in the NBS furniture calorimeter. Measurements included heat release, combustion product concentrations, and flame spread characteristics. Major variations in burning were observed: neoprene mockups only smoldered, flame retardant treated polyurethane mockups burned more slowly than un treated mockups but eventually reached similar maximum heat release rates. Fabrics were ranked, in terms of maximum heat release rate and several other measured characteristics, from low to high: heavy cotton fabric; light cotton and heavy olefin, and light olefin. Flame spread rate measured on the mockups cor related with the time to reach a 100 kW heat release rate. Heat release rate and combustion product concentration generally increased with increasing number of cushions per mockup. Thinner cushions burned more rapidly than thicker ones.

scholarly journals Modeling of the Heat Release Rate Curve of Rigid Plastic Combustibles Based on their Geometrical Properties and Constituent Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jaeyoung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Rate Curve ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Rigid Plastic ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Geometrical Properties ◽  
Maximum Heat Release

In this study, we conducted the modeling and generalization of the heat release rate of rigid plastic combustibles with respect to their geometrical properties. The modeling and generalization was carried out using the model proposed by Natori, which is based on the combustion behavior of wooden furniture. Previous studies that have reported the combustion of printers were used for the modeling of the heat release rate of rigid plastic combustibles. The reported heat release rate measurements of the printers were examined to determine their applicability to Natori's model. After their applicability was confirmed, to generalize the heat release rate curve, heat release rate parameters of the combustibles were analyzed with respect to their geometrical properties and constituent materials. The combustibles were classified into two groups based on their geometrical properties, and the fire growth rate, maximum heat release rate, and decay rate represented the heat release rate parameters. Furthermore, the parameters were analyzed as a function of the apparent density of the combustibles. The fire growth rate and maximum heat release rate exhibited a relatively evident correlation with the apparent density, which indicated that an accurate estimation of the heat release rate curve can be obtained from the external dimensions and weight of the combustibles.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Maximum Heat Release Rate in Accordance with the Test Method of the Flame Retardant Performance for Pipe Insulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo Jun You ◽  
Jung Wook Park ◽  
Yeon Je Sin ◽  
Hyeong Gyu Park ◽  
Ohk Kun Lim
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Test Standards ◽  
Maximum Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardation ◽  
Pipe Insulation

In this study, the heat release rate of pipe insulation is analyzed by considering the installation status in accordance with the standards ISO 20632 and NFPA 274. The flame retardation rate was evaluated for six types of test samples: polyethylene foam covered with beaten silver (PE(S)), PE foam tapped (PE(N)), elastomeric closed cell thermal insulation (rubber), Japanese PE foam (PE(J)), Japanese polyurethane foam (PU(J)), and Japanese styro form (ST(J)) by EN 13501-1 and fire growth curve. The results show that PU(J), PE(J), and PE(N) were Class E and ultra-fast, NFPA 274 test standards for Class D and Fast, and PE(S) by ISO 20632 were Class C and Slow, and Rubber and ST(J) were Classes and Low. However, the changes in the time-averaged maximum heat release rate for each test standard (ISO 20632 and NFPA 274) to evaluate the flame retardation rate differed among identical materials. This means that the fundamental study is necessary to analyze the more accurate reasons.

scholarly journals An Experimental Study on the Fire Spread Rate and Separation Distance between Facing Stores in Passage-Type Traditional Markets

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 4458
Author(s):  
Hong-Seok Yun ◽  
Dong-Gun Nam ◽  
Cheol-Hong Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Radiant Heat Transfer ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Maximum Heat Release

Real-scale fire experiments were conducted to understand the fire spread characteristics of the major combustibles handled in traditional markets, a space with high fire risk. The major combustibles were selected through field surveys administered at a number of traditional markets. Through real-scale fire experiments, the horizontal fire spread rate according to the maximum heat release rate of major combustibles was examined. In addition, the separation distance to prevent fire spread to the facing store by radiant heat transfer was examined. As a result of the experiments, it was confirmed that the arrangement method of the combustibles causes a large change in the maximum heat release rate, fire growth rate, and fire spread rate. The horizontal fire spread rate showed a linear proportional relationship with respect to the maximum heat release rate regardless of the type of combustibles, and a correlation to define the relationship was proposed. A correlation equation for predicting the separation distance that can prevent fire spread by radiant heat transfer was proposed, and the curve by the correlation equation was in good agreement with the experimental results. Through this study, it is expected that the correlation proposed to examine the horizontal fire spread rate and the separation distance of major combustibles in a traditional market can be usefully used in the design of fire protection systems to reduce fire damage in the traditional market.

scholarly journals Influence of Combustible Dimension and Density on Heat Release Rate Part 2 Relation between Combustible Dimension, Maximum Heat Release Rate and Duration of Maximum Burning

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-496
Author(s):  
Norichika Kakae ◽  
Tsuneto Tsuchihashi ◽  
Yoshiaki Tanaka ◽  
Yoshifumi Ohmiya ◽  
Kazunori Harada
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Maximum Heat Release
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