The Economic and Environmental Impact of Greenhouse Heating Pipe Insulation

This study aimed to determine the effect of optimum pipe insulation thickness on energy savings and air pollution under greenhouse conditions. In this regard, an optimization model based on a Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis was carried out using the P1–P2 method. Three fuel types, coal, natural gas, and fuel oil, were tested with nominal pipe sizes ranging from 25 to 65 mm, and hot water was used in the system. Our findings showed that the highest insulation thickness (0.807 m), the greatest energy savings ($62.351/m), and the lowest payback period (0.502 years) were achieved with a 65 mm pipe size for fuel oil. Overall, the insulation minimizes heat loss through the heating pipelines, resulting in economic and environmental benefits. Fuel oil was determined as the best option for savings in this study. Hence, for fuel oil utilization, the emissions of CO2 varied from 2.762 to 3.798 kg/m and SO2 from 0.014 to 0.020 kg/m for pipe thicknesses ranging from 25 and 65 mm, respectively.

Heat Loss Due to Domestic Hot Water Pipes

Domestic hot water (DHW) system energy losses are an important part of energy consumption in newly built or in reconstructed apartment buildings. To reach nZEB or low energy building targets (renovation cases) we should take these losses into account during the design phase. These losses depend on room and water temperature, insulation and length of pipes and water circulation strategy. The target of our study is to develop a method which can be used in the early stages of design in primary energy calculations. We are also interested in how much of these losses cannot be utilised as internal heat gain and how much heat loss depends on the level of energy performance of the building. We used detailed DHW system heat loss measurements and simulations from an nZEB apartment building and annual heat loss data from a total of 22 apartment buildings. Our study showed that EN 15316-3 standard equations for pipe length give more than a twice the pipe length in basements. We recommend that for pipe length calculation in basements, a calculation based on the building’s gross area should be used and for pipe length in vertical shafts, a building’s heating area-based calculation should be used. Our study also showed that up to 33% of pipe heat losses can be utilised as internal heat gain in energy renovated apartment buildings but in unheated basements this figure drops to 30% and in shafts rises to 40% for an average loss (thermal pipe insulation thickness 40 mm) of 10.8 W/m and 5.1 W/m. Unutilised delivered energy loss from DHW systems in smaller apartment buildings can be up to 12.1 kWh/(m2·a) and in bigger apartment buildings not less than 5.5 kWh/(m2·a) (40 mm thermal pipe insulation).

Diagnostic Protocol for Thermal Performance of District Heating Pipes in Operation. Part 2: Estimation of Present Thermal Conductivity in Aged Pipe Insulation

Buried and operating district heating (DH) pipes are exposed to thermal degradation of their polyurethane (PUR) insulation over time, and their status is hard to assess without excavation. By using DH pipe valves in manholes as measurement points during a shutdown with an ensuing cooling period, non-destructive assessments can be performed. This study compares new improved field measurements with numerical simulations of the temperature decline in drainage valves and shutdown valves. The drainage valve measurements were used to thermally assess part of a buried DH network. Results indicate that by using the drainage valves as measurement points in a cooling method, the thermal conductivity of the buried DH network could be predicted with an accuracy of >95%. In addition, a general diagnostic protocol has been established for assessing the thermal status of a DH network, ready for network owners to use.

Modeling Industrial Pipe Insulation Performance

Reducing industrial noise emission utilizing jacketed pipe insulation is critical to reducing noise in industrial spaces. The ISO 15665 standard defines a testing process for measurement of the acoustical performance of installed and jacketed pipe insulation systems. However, the cost of testing per this standard, especially when using an external laboratory, can be very costly. That makes the development of a model to accurately estimate the performance of single, and multilayered, jacketed pipe insulation highly desirable. Utilizing a one-dimensional theoretical acoustic model along with empirical data, a model with sufficient accuracy to provide insertion loss results relative to the ISO 15665 standard was created. The creation and resulting functionality of the model for determining jacketed pipe insulation insertion loss and comparison of the resulting data to test results will be discussed herein.

Modeling Large Diameter Industrial Pipe Insulation Performance

As previously presented, reducing industrial noise emission utilizing jacketed pipe insulation is critical to reducing noise in industrial spaces. The ISO 15665 standard defines a testing process for measurement of the acoustical performance of installed and jacketed pipe insulation systems. To provide a cost-effective method for evaluating various types of multilayered jacketed pipe insulation a model was developed. The model accurately estimates the performance of single, and multilayered, jacketed pipe insulation. Validating the use of the model to very large pipe diameters is highly desirable as the cost to test is significantly higher than testing the medium or small diameter pipe insulation. The estimated insertion loss result from the model is compared to validation testing results for large diameter jacketed pipe insulation are reported herein.

Analisa Isolasi Pipa Generator Mesin Stirling Tipe Alpha Sudut Fasa 180°

This research is a development of previous research, where in the previous research, a design innovation was carried out on an alpha-type stirling engine by making the phase angle to 180o, with the aim of reducing the effect when the cold cylinder is compressed, because the phase angle currently used is (90o) with disadvantages, namely the cold cylinder is perpendicular to the top, so that the compression process against gravity. But in previous studies, the generator pipe was too long, causing a lot of energy or heat loss (heat loss) so that the compression speed was small. So that in the research, innovated and analyzed the pipe insulation of alpha-type stirling engine generators, alpha-type stirling engines, 180o phase angle. The research method used is to use the thermodynamic approach with Schmidt theory and the theory of the ideal cycle stirling engine. while the simulation is done using the Ideal Stirling Cycle Calculator. Results investigated shows that providing insulation on the generator pipes of an alpha-type stirling engine for an alpha-type stirling engine with a 180o phase angle is proven to reduce a lot of energy or heat loss (heat loss) due to too long generator pipes, with a heat loss value ratio of 226.66 W for the pipe. generator that uses insulation whose value is smaller than the value of the heat loss when the generator pipe without using isocation is 1,584.12 W.

Environmental Influences on Childhood Asthma Prevalence in Philadelphia

Background: In 2019, the American Lung Association found that, for the second year in a row, the Philadelphia metro has worsened the surrounding areas air quality, due to worsening ozone smog. This spike in unhealthy air quality in Philadelphia has affected the health of the population. Unhealthy air quality can be exacerbated by asbestos, which has been found in many Philadelphia elementary schools. Although asbestos usage is now highly regulated, it can still be found in consumer products and construction material today. Among the many factors contributing to asthma onset and other lung diseases, air pollution and dangerous air particles such as asbestos are important contributors. Children in these asbestos infected schools became exposed and ultimately sick which led to their eventual closure. Due to elementary aged children having immature and more vulnerable airways, this exposure may have led to increasing cases of respiratory distress. Methods: This research study analyzed publicly available asbestos data from Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) reports from four Philadelphia elementary schools (Laura H. Carnell, James J. Sullivan, Clara Barton, and Thomas M. Peirce) from 2016-2018 to further understand the influence of asbestos particles on asthma in children. Secondary data analysis determined the levels of asbestos contamination in each elementary school and the severity of the condition for each school. This was compared to child asthma prevalence during the selected time period. Results: Asbestos was mainly found in the 2-6 inch pipe insulation and tiles within each school. Between 0.06 and 1.18% asbestos damage was found in 2-6inch pipe insulation in schools closed for asbestos abatement. An r2 of 0.9997 was found when comparing the 206inch pipe damage percentage and the newly friable material found in each school. Thomas M. Pierce Elementary was determined to be the highest concern according to the analysis of the AHERA reports. Conclusion: Children exposed to asbestos in elementary schools, and with a predisposition to asthma, were more likely to suffer from respiratory distress, due to the multiple contributing environmental factors.

Step Back

“It's not working! I'm just no good at science.” “Oh no!” I thought. This reaction was exactly what I was trying to prevent. I was teaching third through fifth graders about potential and kinetic energy, and they were using pipe insulation and other recyclables to build roller coasters for marbles. I hurried over to the student's table and lifted up the beginning of her roller coaster to give the marble more potential energy—enough to get it through the first and second loop. It worked! She was gleeful at the success, and I had time to move on and help the next student. Ten years later, I now realize I had done the wrong thing.