scholarly journals Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Aerosolized Wastewater: Toilet Flushing, Wastewater Treatment, and Sprinkler Irrigation

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 436
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Ioannis Anastopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Respiratory Pathway ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Toilet Flushing ◽  
Epidemiological Monitoring ◽  
Rapid Characterization

The existence of SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in wastewater raises the opportunity of tracking wastewater for epidemiological monitoring of this disease. However, the existence of this virus in wastewater has raised health concerns regarding the fecal–oral transmission of COVID-19. This short review is intended to highlight the potential implications of aerosolized wastewater in transmitting this virus. As aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 could offer a more direct respiratory pathway for human exposure, the transmission of this virus remains a significant possibility in the prominent wastewater-associated bioaerosols formed during toilet flushing, wastewater treatment, and sprinkler irrigation. Implementing wastewater disinfection, exercising precautions, and raising public awareness would be essential. Additional research is needed to evaluate the survival, fate, and dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and the environment and rapid characterization of aerosols and their risk assessment.

Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Prevalence and Bloodmeal Analysis in Triatomine Vectors of Chagas Disease From Rural Peridomestic Locations in Texas, 2013–2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 911-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodion Gorchakov ◽  
Lillian P. Trosclair ◽  
Edward J. Wozniak ◽  
Patricia T. Feria ◽  
Melissa N. Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
High Infection ◽  
History Of

Abstract Protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, which affects millions of people in Latin America. Recently, the disease has been gaining attention in Texas and the southern United States. Transmission cycle of the parasite involves alternating infection between insect vectors and vertebrate hosts (including humans, wildlife, and domestic animals). To evaluate vector T. cruzi parasite burden and feeding patterns, we tested triatomine vectors from 23 central, southern, and northeastern counties of Texas. Out of the 68 submitted specimens, the majority were genetically identified as Triatoma gerstaeckeri (Stal, 1859), with a few samples of Triatoma sanguisuga (LeConte, 1855), Triatoma lecticularia (Stal, 1859), Triatoma rubida (Uhler, 1894), and Triatoma protracta woodi (Usinger, 1939). We found almost two-thirds of the submitted insects were polymerase chain reaction-positive for T. cruzi. Bloodmeal sources were determined for most of the insects, and 16 different species of mammals were identified as hosts. The most prevalent type of bloodmeal was human, with over half of these insects found to be positive for T. cruzi. High infection rate of the triatomine vectors combined with high incidence of feeding on humans highlight the importance of Chagas disease surveillance in Texas. With our previous findings of autochthonous transmission of Chagas disease, urgent measures are needed to increase public awareness, vector control in and around homes, and Chagas screening of residents who present with a history of a triatomine exposure.

Short Review: Ceramic Foam Fabrication Techniques for Wastewater Treatment Application

2013 ◽  
Vol 795 ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sufizar Ahmad ◽  
Marziana Abdoll Latif ◽  
Hariati Taib ◽  
Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Ceramic Foam ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Process ◽  
Gel Casting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
New Research ◽  
Starch Consolidation ◽  
Treatment Application

Ceramic foam is a class of highly porous materials that are used for wide range of technological applications, specifically as absorbents and membrane for wastewater treatment process. Among the potential materials include silicon carbide (SiC), alumina (Al2O3), zirconia (ZrO2), titania (TiO2), and silica (SiO2). The review clarifies on the broad types of ceramic foam, and the common techniques of foam fabrication, such as polymeric sponge method, starch consolidation, direct foaming, and gel-casting of foam. The parameters of each fabrication techniques will be discussed crucial based on the new research findings in the field of ceramic foam.

scholarly journals Wastewater treatment from agricultural enterprises using sprinkler irrigation and utilizing sludge as a fertilizer

2021 ◽  
Vol 659 (1) ◽  
pp. 012058
Author(s):  
A S Ovchinnikov ◽  
M A Denisova ◽  
O V Bocharnikova ◽  
V S Bocharnikov ◽  
N V Kuznetsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises

scholarly journals EMERGING CONTAMINANTS, SARS-COV-2 AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS, NEW CHALLENGES TO CONFRONT: A SHORT REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 100731
Author(s):  
Claudia Andrea Revilla Pacheco ◽  
Ruly Teran Hilares ◽  
Gilberto de Jesús Colina Andrade ◽  
Alejandra Mogrovejo-Valdivia ◽  
David Alfredo Pacheco Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Short Review ◽  
New Challenges

Recent advances in applications of activated carbon from biowaste for wastewater treatment: A short review

2018 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 361-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syieluing Wong ◽  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Ibrahim M. Inuwa ◽  
Onn Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Recent Advances

Polymers blends for the improvement of nanofiltration membranes in wastewater treatment: A short review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluranti Agboola ◽  
Ojo Sunday Isaac Fayomi ◽  
Rotimi Sadiku ◽  
Patricia Popoola ◽  
Peter Adeniyi Alaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Nanofiltration Membranes

An independent water system with maximized wastewater reuse for non-potable purposes - Model case for future urban development

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
X.C. Wang ◽  
R. Chen ◽  
Y.Z. Liu ◽  
Y.B. Zhou ◽  
X.D. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Model Case ◽  
Toilet Flushing ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Facility ◽  
Balance Analysis

A study was conducted to formulate an optimized plan for upgrading an independent water system in a college campus where the available water source is from 5 groundwater wells with a maximum water supply capacity of 3000 m3/d but the water demand is much beyond this value for both potable and non-potable consumption. By water balance analysis, it was estimated that with the available fresh water consumed only for potable and related miscellaneous uses for 30000 people, the quantity of the reclaimed water could be enough to cover all the non-potable consumption. By material balance analysis, the pollutant loadings of organics, nitrogen and phosphorus were calculated and the requirements for pollutant removal corresponding with reuse purposes were evaluated. Considering the quality criteria of water reuse for lake landscaping, toilet flushing and gardening, and the demand for each water usage in the campus, a dual-quality reclaimed water supply scheme was proposed as (1) supply of lower quality reclaimed water for gardening and road sprinkling by upgrading the existing wastewater treatment facility of 1500 m3/d using conventional process, and (2) supply of higher quality reclaimed water for lake water replenishment and toilet flushing by implementing a new wastewater treatment facility of 2500 m3/d using MBR process. The independent water system thus optimized could sustain a total water consumption of more than 6000 m3/d using the 3000 m3/d source water. This provided a model case for future urban development in the water deficient region.

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