scholarly journals “One Out–All Out” Principle in the Water Framework Directive 2000—A New Approach with Fuzzy Method on an Example of Greek Lakes

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 1776
Author(s):  
Dionissis Latinopoulos ◽  
Mike Spiliotis ◽  
Chrysoula Ntislidou ◽  
Ifigenia Kagalou ◽  
Dimitra Bobori ◽  
...  

The “One Out–All Out” (OOAO) principle imposed by the WFD selects the worst ecological status assessed by different biological quality elements (BQEs). Since it is a precautionary rule that can lead to problems of underestimation of the overall status, its amendment has been a matter of debate for WFD 20+. The use of fuzzy methods that express the functional relationships between variables in ecology and management has been gaining more ground recently. Here is attempted the inclusion of a fuzzy regression among the frequently monitored BQE (phytoplankton) and the outcome of OOAO application in six Greek lakes. The latter was determined by the comparison of four BQE indices in order to assess the extent to which BQEs might underpin the optimal/actual qualitative classification of a waterbody. This approach encompasses the uncertainty and the possibility to broaden the acceptable final EQR based on the character and status of each lake. We concluded that the fuzzy OOAO is an approach that seems to allow a better understanding of the WFD implementation and case-specific evaluation, including the uncertainty in classification as an asset. Moreover, it offers a deeper understanding through self-learning processes based on the existing datasets.

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5144
Author(s):  
Sylwester Korga ◽  
Kamil Żyła ◽  
Jerzy Józwik

This work presents the analysis of functional relationships between fraction size of abrasives and geometric parameters of surfaces after rotary cleaning. The influence of an abrasive type on the effectiveness of rotary cleaning of machine parts with complex geometric features was determined as well. The process of mechanical cleaning, using a rotational method, of clutch springs was performed in the proprietary device for rotational cleaning, which was followed by the computer-aided analysis of the obtained results. The research process was carried out using abrasive materials such as grinding stone, sand, basalt, glass, and fine gravel, and the test samples were clutch springs after eight years of operation. Based on calculated three-dimensional (3D) roughness values of the cleaned samples’ surfaces, qualitative classification of abrasives was determined. The most effective material turned out to be fine gravel, while the worst results were related to basalt usage.


Author(s):  
Oleksandr Ostrohliad

Purpose. The aim of the work is to consider the novelties of the legislative work, which provide for the concept and classification of criminal offenses in accordance with the current edition of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the draft of the new Code developed by the working group and put up for public discussion. Point out the gaps in the current legislation and the need to revise individual rules of the project in this aspect. The methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of appropriate conclusions and recommendations. During the research, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: terminological, logical-semantic, system-structural, logical-normative, comparative-historical. Results In the course of the study, it was determined that despite the fact that the amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine came into force in July of this year, their perfection, in terms of legal technology, raises many objections. On the basis of a comparative study, it was determined that the Draft Criminal Code of Ukraine needs further revision taking into account the opinions of experts in the process of public discussion. Originality. In the course of the study, it was established that the classification of criminal offenses proposed in the new edition of the Criminal Code of Ukraine does not stand up to criticism, since other elements of the classification appear in subsequent articles, which are not covered by the existing one. The draft Code, using a qualitatively new approach to this issue, retains the elements of the previous classification and has no practical significance in law enforcement. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in law-making activities to improve the norms of the current Criminal Code, to classify criminal offenses, as well as to further improve the draft Criminal Code of Ukraine.


Author(s):  
I. Kukhtevich

Functional autonomic disorders occupy a significant part in the practice of neurologists and professionals of other specialties as well. However, there is no generally accepted classification of such disorders. In this paper the authors tried to show that functional autonomic pathology corresponds to the concept of somatoform disorders combining syndromes manifested by visceral, borderline psychopathological, neurological symptoms that do not have an organic basis. The relevance of the problem of somatoform disorders is that on the one hand many health professionals are not familiar enough with manifestations of borderline neuropsychiatric disorders, often forming functional autonomic disorders, and on the other hand they overestimate somatoform symptoms that are similar to somatic diseases.


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