Faculty Opinions recommendation of Tissue Mechanics Regulate Mitotic Nuclear Dynamics during Epithelial Development.

SummaryCell divisions are essential for tissue growth. In pseudostratified epithelia, where nuclei are staggered across the tissue, each nucleus migrates apically before undergoing mitosis. Successful apical nuclear migration is critical to preserve tissue integrity during cell division. Most previous investigations have focused on the local cellular mechanisms controlling nuclear migration. Yet, inter-species and inter-organ comparisons of different pseudostratified epithelia suggest global tissue architecture may influence nuclear dynamics, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we use the developing Drosophila wing disc to systematically investigate, in a single epithelial type, how changes in tissue architecture during growth influence mitotic nuclear migration. We observe distinct nuclear dynamics at discrete developmental stages, as epithelial morphology changes. We then use genetic and physical perturbations to show a direct effect of cell density on mitotic nuclear positioning. We also find Rho kinase and Diaphanous, which facilitate mitotic cell rounding in confined cell conditions, are essential for efficient apical nuclear movement. Strikingly, perturbation of Diaphanous causes increasing defects in apical nuclear migration as the tissue grows, and these defects can be reversed by acute physical reduction of cell density. Our findings reveal how the mechanical environment imposed on cells within a tissue alters the molecular and cellular mechanisms adopted by single cells for mitosis. We speculate that mechanical regulation of apical mitotic positioning could be a global mechanism for tissue growth control.

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A GEOMETRIC APPROACH TO DISSIPATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO DISSIPATIVE NUCLEAR DYNAMICS

Le Journal de Physique Colloques ◽

10.1051/jphyscol:1984610 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 45 (C6) ◽

pp. C6-87-C6-94

Author(s):

H. Reinhardt ◽

R. Balian ◽

Y. Alhassid

Keyword(s):

Geometric Approach ◽

Nuclear Dynamics

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Nuclear dynamics of RAD52 group homologous recombination proteins in response to DNA damage.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1005818.77755 ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen Kowalczykowski

Keyword(s):

Dna Damage ◽

Homologous Recombination ◽

Nuclear Dynamics ◽

Recombination Proteins

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Simulating tissue mechanics with agent-based models: concepts, perspectives and some novel results.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.726880647.793545583 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Chaplain

Keyword(s):

Tissue Mechanics ◽

Agent Based Models ◽

Agent Based

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Nuclear Dynamics of BRCA1-Dependent Transcription Regulation

10.21236/ada463827 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Zelton D. Sharp

Keyword(s):

Transcription Regulation ◽

Nuclear Dynamics

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Introduction

10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Niels Engholm Henriksen ◽

Flemming Yssing Hansen

Keyword(s):

Schrödinger Equation ◽

Schrodinger Equation ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

State Level ◽

Boltzmann Distribution ◽

Theoretical Description ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Nuclear Dynamics ◽

Molecular Reaction ◽

Oppenheimer Approximation

This introductory chapter considers first the relation between molecular reaction dynamics and the major branches of physical chemistry. The concept of elementary chemical reactions at the quantized state-to-state level is discussed. The theoretical description of these reactions based on the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and the Born–Oppenheimer approximation is introduced and the resulting time-dependent Schrödinger equation describing the nuclear dynamics is discussed. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of matter at thermal equilibrium, focusing at the Boltzmann distribution. Thus, the Boltzmann distribution for vibrational, rotational, and translational degrees of freedom is discussed and illustrated.

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The Mechanism of Secretion and Metabolism of Gut-Derived 5-Hydroxytryptamine

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22157931 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (15) ◽

pp. 7931

Author(s):

Ning Liu ◽

Shiqiang Sun ◽

Pengjie Wang ◽

Yanan Sun ◽

Qingjuan Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Metabolism ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Vital Role ◽

The Body ◽

Neuroendocrine Cells ◽

Intestinal Lumen ◽

Paracrine Signaling ◽

Inflammatory Conditions ◽

Epithelial Development ◽

Ec Cells

Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a metabolite of tryptophan and is reported to modulate the development and neurogenesis of the enteric nervous system, gut motility, secretion, inflammation, sensation, and epithelial development. Approximately 95% of 5-HT in the body is synthesized and secreted by enterochromaffin (EC) cells, the most common type of neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, through sensing signals from the intestinal lumen and the circulatory system. Gut microbiota, nutrients, and hormones are the main factors that play a vital role in regulating 5-HT secretion by EC cells. Apart from being an important neurotransmitter and a paracrine signaling molecule in the gut, gut-derived 5-HT was also shown to exert other biological functions (in autism and depression) far beyond the gut. Moreover, studies conducted on the regulation of 5-HT in the immune system demonstrated that 5-HT exerts anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory effects on the gut by binding to different receptors under intestinal inflammatory conditions. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms through which 5-HT participates in cell metabolism and physiology can provide potential therapeutic strategies for treating intestinal diseases. Herein, we review recent evidence to recapitulate the mechanisms of synthesis, secretion, regulation, and biofunction of 5-HT to improve the nutrition and health of humans.

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