Faculty Opinions recommendation of The mortality cost of carbon.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Symonds
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Cost

scholarly journals A mortality cost of virginity at older ages in female Mediterranean fruit flies

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R Carey ◽  
Pablo Liedo ◽  
Lawrence Harshman ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Hans-Georg Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Mortality Cost

Demography and sexual size dimorphism in northern water snakes, Nerodia sipedon

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 1358-1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory P Brown ◽  
Patrick J Weatherhead
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Nerodia Sipedon ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Mortality Cost ◽  
Northern Water Snakes ◽  
Water Snakes ◽  
Better Than

We used data from a 9-year mark-recapture study to determine whether demographic factors could explain female-biased sexual size dimorphism in northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon). Most males reached sexual maturity at 3 years of age, while most females delayed maturity for an additional year. Female survivorship was not significantly lower than that of males, despite the fact that females grow as much as four times faster than males. Among females, survivorship increased until maturity and decreased thereafter, suggesting a survival cost to reproduction. Life-table calculations indicated that the increase in both survival rates and fecundity with body size made 3 years the optimal age for females to reach sexual maturity. However, if females were not large enough at 3 years of age, their best strategy was to mature the following year. Seasonal patterns of mortality suggest that mating imposes a high mortality cost on males. Intermediate-sized males survived slightly but not significantly better than small and large males. This slight survival advantage of intermediate-sized males was not sufficient to explain why males are so much smaller than females. Therefore other selective factors must be responsible for males retaining a small size. A reproductive advantage associated with small size seems the most likely possibility.

Rising incidence of clostridium difficile infection and associated clinical outcomes in hospitalized cancer patients: A national perspective.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e19095-e19095
Author(s):  
Shivani Dalal ◽  
Krunalkumar Patel ◽  
Dhruvil Radadiya ◽  
Kirtenkumar Patel
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Clostridium Difficile Infection ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
National Inpatient Sample ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Mortality Cost

e19095 Background: Cancer patients are more prone to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Several factors such as increased exposure to antibiotics (either in the form of prophylaxis or treatment), being on chemotherapy, and frequent exposure to healthcare settings are responsible for this. Rate of CDI in these patients ranges from 10-20%. Here, we performed a retrospective analysis using the national inpatient sample to study the trend and to see whether CDI leads to poor outcomes in these patients. Methods: We have used National Inpatient Sample database from the year 2009 to 2015 to identify hospitalized adult patients with cancer using ICD-9 CM codes. Similarly, We also identified patients with concurrent CDI amongst all cancer patients. Our primary aims were to study the trend of CDI and associated outcomes in from of mortality, cost of hospitalization and length of stay. Incidence of CDI per 10,000 discharges in those patients over the study period was assessed. Outcomes related to CDI in cancer patients were compared with those without CDI. Categorical and continuous variables were compared between matched cohorts using Chi-square and Student’s t-test, respectively. Statistical significance level was set at < 0.05. All analyses were performed with the use of SAS (version 9.4). Results: Total of 6,035,966 cancer patients was identified over the study period. Out of which, 57,167 (0.9%) had concurrent CDI. Age, sex and race were comparable in both the groups. Incidence of CDI increased from 89 cases to 101 cases per 10,000 cancer patients (p-trend: < 0.05). Inpatient mortality was significantly higher in cancer patients with CDI compared to without CDI(12.1% vs 4.7%, p < 0.0001). Cost of hospitalization was almost 3 times higher ($36,243 vs $12,910, p < 0.0001).Median length of stay was almost four-fold longer (16 days vs 4 days, p < 0.0001). Patients with Medicare and Medicaid had higher percentages of CDI cases while patients with private insurance had lower percentages. Conclusions: Incidence of CDI in cancer patients is on the rise. CDI lead to higher mortality, cost of hospitalization, and length of stay in cancer patients. Preventive strategies in form of judicious use of antibiotics and prompt identification with treatment may help with reducing mortality and associated healthcare burden.

scholarly journals Can Centralization of Cancer Surgery Improve Social Welfare?

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Ho ◽  
Marah N. Short ◽  
Meei-Hsiang Ku-Goto
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Market Concentration ◽  
Cancer Surgery ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Mortality Cost ◽  
Procedure Volume

Abstract The empirical association between high hospital procedure volume and lower mortality rates has led to recommendations for the centralization of complex surgical procedures. Yet redirecting patients to a select number of high-volume hospitals creates potential negative consequences for market competition. We use patient-level data to estimate the association between hospital procedure volume and patient mortality and costs. We also estimate the association between hospital market concentration and mortality, cost, and prices. We use our estimates to simulate the change in social welfare resulting from redirecting patients at low-volume hospitals to high-volume facilities. We find that a higher procedure volume leads to significant reductions in mortality for patients undergoing surgery for pancreatic cancer, but not colon cancer. Procedure volume also influences costs for both surgeries, but in a nonlinear fashion. Increased market concentration is associated with higher costs and prices for colon cancer, but not pancreatic cancer patients. Simulations indicated that centralizing pancreatic cancer surgery is unambiguously welfare enhancing. In contrast, there is less evidence to suggest that centralizing colon cancer surgery would be welfare improving.

The impact of extremely high temperatures on mortality and mortality cost

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Roldán ◽  
M. Gómez ◽  
M.R. Pino ◽  
J. Díaz
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Mortality Cost ◽  
The Impact
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