scholarly journals Divine Righteousness and Forgiveness: The Old Testament Background of Hilastērion in Romans 3:25

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
MICHAEL C. MULDER
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Divine Justice ◽  
In Christ ◽  
Justice And Mercy

We Start With An Analysis Of The Term Righteousness Of God In Romans 3:21–26. The Righteousness As A Gift To Believers (genitive Of Source, Verses 21–22) Is Founded On The Righteousness That Characterizes His Being (subjective Genitive, Verses 24–25). However, God’s Righteousness Should Not Always Be Interpreted As God’s Covenantal Faithfulness. For The Apostle, Divine Righteousness Brings Salvation And Leads To Judgment, As It Does In The Old Testament. There The Hilastērion, The Ark Cover, Brings These Attributes Together. After Investigating The Background, We Describe Paul’s Use Of The Image (Rom 3:25) With The Help Of Jewish Sources. In Christ, Divine Justice And Mercy Come Together In This Image. Finally, We Ask To Whom It Applies. KEYWORDS: (Day Of) Atonement, Forgiveness, Jewish Sources, Mercy Seat, Propitiation, Romans 3, Righteousness Of God, Hilastērion, Reconciliation, Sacrifice

Hilastērion (Rom. 3:25) and the Union of Divine Justice And Mercy. Part II: Atonement in the old Testament and in Romans 1–5

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 546-599
Author(s):  
Stephen Hultgren
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Word Group ◽  
Divine Justice ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Divine Wrath ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Justice And Mercy

Abstract Part II of this study explains how the convergence of temple and martyrdom theologies demonstrated in Part I helps us understand ἱλαστήριον in the context of Romans 1–5. Biblical ‘atonement’ is multifaceted, comprehending expiation and forgiveness, as well as removal of divine wrath. In the LXX the ἱλάσκομαι word group is also complex, retaining propitiatory overtones from classical usage (although it may often be better to speak of God removing his own wrath), while taking on the additional meaning of expiation and forgiveness. The Pentateuchal ἱλαστήριον is a ‘place’ for such ‘atonement’. Amidst many proposals, ‘the place of atonement’ with allusion to the כַּפֹּרֶת remains the most likely meaning for ἱλαστήριον in Rom. 3:25. Christ is the ‘place’ where divine justice and mercy meet. His death is the visible manifestation of divine justice, the consequence of humanity’s collective sin, which was ‘building up’ towards a permanent breach in the relationship between God and humanity. Christ’s death is also a ransom and the means by which God objectively removes sin and so frees humanity from death. Paul radically reconfigured martyrdom theology, which offered a way of thinking about how divine justice and mercy can meet in the death of a person.

Allegory or Literal Historical Interpretation?: Andrew Fuller’s Critique of Robert Robinson’s View of the Canonicity of the Song of Songs

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-288
Author(s):  
Jeongmo Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Song Of Songs ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
In Christ ◽  
Exegetical Tradition

This study deals with Andrew Fuller’s (1754–1815) critique of Robert Robinson of Cambridge (1735–1790) with a particular focus on Fuller’s critique of Robinson’s view of the canonicity of the Song of Songs. Fuller’s defence of the canonicity of the Song of Songs and his interpretation of it evidently follows the mainstream Protestant view of the Reformation and the Post-Reformation eras in continuity with the patristic and medieval exegetical tradition. In particular, standing firm with the predominant exegetical tradition of previous centuries, Fuller takes allegory as the main exegetical method to interpret the Song of Songs. Even though Fuller emphatically rejects the use of vain allegory as a human invention, his interpretation of the Song of Songs indicates that if allegory may be able to connect appropriate features in an Old Testament passage with a greater truth revealed in Christ, he allows for the use of allegory to expose the meaning of the text.

The Hebrew Bible

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-76
Author(s):  
Jon Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Original Sin ◽  
Book Of Job ◽  
Tower Of Babel ◽  
Divine Justice ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Universe

Chapter 2 presents an account of the nature of the Old Testament or the Hebrew Bible. This includes a brief analysis of its historical context, tradition, and authorship. It treats a few episodes from the beginning of Genesis, specifically, the Creation, the Fall, the Tower of Babel, and the Flood. Comparisons are made with similar stories in The Epic of Gilgamesh. An interpretation is given of the Hebrew anthropology as it appears in the account of the creation of humans and original sin. It is argued that this is the story of how humans first separated themselves from nature and became self-conscious. The second half of the chapter gives a reading of The Book of Job. This story raises similar questions to those found in Gilgamesh about the issue of divine justice. An account is given of the different layers of the text and the different views of its authors. Both works represent a human protest against the divine and the nature of the universe, where humans suffer and die.

scholarly journals Die messiaanse aard van psalms: hoe dit ’n Nuwe-Testamentiese lees, vertaling en omdigting van die psalms raak

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Helberg
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
In Christ ◽  
The Law ◽  
Psalm 2

The messianic character of the psalms: how it affects a New Testament reading, translation and re-versification of the psalms The 2001 re-versification of the psalms as well as the 1983 translation in Afrikaans is rejected by some, because the messiah is not rendered in capital letters. This article views the matter from the perspective of Psalm 1 and 2 as an introduction which characterises the whole psalter as messianic. This article explores what this means. The relation between Psalm 2 (re kingship) and Psalm 1 (re the Law/Word of Yahweh) is in- vestigated in able to view the “messianic” concept in its real perspective. The same applies to the relation Old Testament- New Testament and expectation-fulfilment. The regenerative character of the fulfilment in Christ as well as its implication for one’s inclination towards one’s neighbour and how it affects that of the psalmists is explored. The conclusion of the article is that to render the messiah in capital letters in the psalms is to bypass the regenerartive fulfilment by Christ and to ignore the implication thereof regarding enemies.

The Emotional Landscape of Abelard ’s Planctus David super Saul et Ionatha

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Original Music ◽  
First Person ◽  
Personal Reflection ◽  
In Christ ◽  
Emotional Landscape

In Abelard’s Letter 16 addressed to ‘Héloise, sister to be revered in Christ and loved’, he refers to a set of six planctus or laments written in the voices of a number of Old Testament characters The last of these, Planctus 6, in which David laments for Saul and Jonathan, is probably the most famous and is the only one for which a reliable, original music setting survives. The laments are all in the first person and provide a deeply personal reflection on the tragic events which inspired them; they are virtuosic in language and almost shockingly intense in emotional range. This study examines Planctus 6 considering the link between Abelard’s language and the expression of specific emotions and, wherever possible, examines how music serves to intensify that expression.

scholarly journals Christ as the Goal of the Law (Rom 10,4). Christ as the Converging Point in the History of Salvation.

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matjaž Celarc
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Rhetorical Analysis ◽  
Salvation History ◽  
History Of ◽  
In Christ ◽  
The Law

The article attempts to present Paul’s argument in the Letter to the Romans that Christ is the goal of the Law and the culmination of all Israel’s expectations, as suggested by the propositio Rom 10,4. The article highlights Paul’s thought that Judaism and Christianity are not at odds but are part of God’s plan that leads to Christ from the Law. The author uses the approaches of rhetorical analysis and intertextual reading. An analysis of structure, vocabulary and subject matter shows how all Paul’s thought supports the idea of the continuity of the salvation history of Christ. Not less crucial is the intertextual approach, which shows how Paul bases his thought on the Old Testament parallels tied to the theme of the covenant that characterizes deuteronomistic and prophetic thought. The article points to an additional historical literary parallel to Luke, who presents Christ in the Apostolic Works as the fulfilment of Messianic expectations. The article shows how Paul invites his contemporaries and today’s readers to discover in Christ the key to the history of salvation.

The Spirit of Life and the Spirit of Immortality: An Appreciative Review of Levison’s Filled with the Spirit

Pneuma ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank D. Macchia
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
In Christ ◽  
The One

AbstractLevison’s Filled with the Spirit explores the deep difference between the two Testaments in how Spirit filling is understood. While the Old Testament holds Spirit filling to be a flourishing of human life through an interaction of divine and human initiatives, the New Testament sees it as a subsequent gift granted supernaturally through faith in Christ. Yet, there is also a sense of continuity in the midst of this difference, especially in how the flourishing of life resists death. This review appreciatively explores Levison’s understanding of such biblical tensions and continuities in the light of the one-sided accent of Pentecostalism on the supernatural quality of life in the Spirit, but also in the light of the question as to whether or not Levison has unnecessarily widened the gap between the pneumatologies of the two Testaments.

Anselm on divine justice and mercy

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-485
Author(s):  
WILLIAM E. MANN
Keyword(s):  
Divine Justice ◽  
Justice And Mercy

AbstractThis article examines in detail chapters 8–11 of Anselm's Proslogion, in which he addresses the problem whether perfectly just God can consistently spare sinners who deserve eternal condemnation. The article argues that Anselm's discussion is framed by two doctrines that permeate the Proslogion: that God is the being than which none greater can be conceived and that God is ontologically simple. Anselm presents several principles about justice and mercy for consideration, some of which should be modified or rejected. The article offers a sympathetic construction of the perspectival solution he offers to the problem, but concludes that some important questions remain unanswered.

Beyond the Things that are Written? St Paul's Use of Scripture

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morna D. Hooker
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
In Christ ◽  
The Way

It seemed appropriate that a lecture given to honour a scholar whose concerns have been centred on the Old Testament, by someone whose field is the New Testament, should link together these two topics. I have therefore chosen to consider one aspect of the problem of the way in which the Old Testament is interpreted by New Testament authors: more specifically, the authority ascribed by one of them – St Paul – to the Old Testament in relation to the revelation of God in Christ.

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