Albanian Technical Terminologies as a Special Vocabulary and Its Challenges in the XXI Century

In the conditions of the rapid development of technics and technology in recent years, the cooperation of the scientific-technical language with the standard Albanian language is continuing with a higher intensity than before. We notice a vigor of enrichment in the vocabulary of technical terminology, due to the creation and formation of new fields and subfields of technics, technology, also computing, mechatronics, telemetry, a multitude of concepts many of which, on one hand, are marked with names of the languages they come from, mainly from English, but on the other hand, they meet their needs with the lexical mother tongue composition (by common words being raised to terms) and with the activation of other layers, such as word-combination (word-group) terms. In this paper, in a more pronounced way, we are exploring with priority the formation process of terms from common words in technical terminologies. The influence of the scientific-technical language on the general one will be further strengthened in future, because science and its language are beginning to play an increasingly more important role on the development of culture in general.

Formula in Tuja'i Molo'opu Custom Speech Procession of Leaders Acceptance in Gorontalo Community

One of the oral literature which is still used in Gorontalo custom event is Tuja'i Molo'opu. Oral literature is uttered at the ceremonial officials' reception in Gorontalo. As other traditions are changing, Tuja'i Molo'opu also along with the changes of the society. Therefore, it needs to be held as the foundation for the preservation of the study of oral literature of Tuja'i Molo'opu. Thus, the Tuja'i Molo'opu ceremony does not complement the Molo'opu ceremony but contains moral messages, which as ancestors, messages to the man who will lead in Gorontalo. The theory used in this research is the theory of orality Albert Bates Lord and Ruth Finnegan. To apply this theory used two approaches, namely, structural and Ethnographic approaches. The structural approach is used to examine the formula composition of the tuja'I Molo'opu text as oral poetry. While the ethnographic approach is used to explore data on leadership the cultural aspects in the Gorontalo community. The results of this research show that formula tuja'i Molo'opu has the formula (1) repetition of a sentence, (2) repetition of the word group/phrase, (3) formula of word repetition, (4) formula of suffix, (5) formula of varied repetition, (6) parallelism.

Is Word-Level Recursion Actually Recursion?

There is a longstanding debate in the literature about if, and where, recursion occurs in prosodic structure. While there are clear cases of genuine recursion at the phrase level and above, there are very few convincing cases of word-level recursion. Most cases are—by definition—not recursive and instead best analyzed as different constituents (e.g., the Composite Group, Prosodic Word Group, etc.). We show that two convincing cases of prosodic word-level recursion can easily be reanalyzed without recursion if phonology and prosody are evaluated cyclically at syntactic phase boundaries. Our analysis combines phase-based spell-out and morpheme-specific subcategorization frames of Cophonologies by Phase with Tri-P Mapping prosodic structure building. We show that apparent word-level recursion is due to cyclic spell-out, and non-isomorphisms between syntactic and prosodic structure are due to morpheme-specific prosodic requirements.

FRASA BAHASA MAIRASI (PHRASES IN MAIRASI LANGUAGE)

Frase hanya mengisi satu fungsi dalam klausa. Untuk memperkuat klarifikasi di atas dikutip satu pengertian frasa pendukung yang dibuat oleh Elson Pickket dan (1976: 73), yaitu “Frasa tersusun unit a dalam A, berpotensi lebih dari dua kata atau lebih, biasanya selalu diperhatikan tingkat klausa." Tersirat di sini pengertian bahwa frasa hanya berpotensi terdiri dari dua kata atau lebih dan jelas tidak melebihi ciri klausa yaitu hanya satu fungsi kecuali predikat [hubungan/tautan] dan objek dalam frasa konsekuensi untuk mewakili pengisi gatra pada klausa. Kesamaan inilah yang dipakai sebagai dasar untuk mengidentifikasi frasa dalam analisis penelitian ini. Berawal dari teori yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis tagmemik, maka pembahasan selanjutnya akan dibagi menjadi analisis fungsi, kategori, dan peran interior masing-masing frasa. Kata Kunci: Frasa, bahasa Mairasi Various meaning and definition phrase have been made by various writer, but is not quit of congeniality phrase as a group word. In consequence, phrase basically [is] word group. If/When seen from facet forming [of] phrase, can be said that [by] phrase [is] word [relation/link] with word and word with suprasegmental elements and also situation that [do] not exceed subjek function boundary and predikat in clause. Thereby, phrase to represent word corps ( word with word, word with suprasegmental elements and situation) representing part of which not yet complete in a[n broader tuturan namely discourse and sentence ( Fautngil, 1997: 5). Phrase only filling one function in clause. To strengthen clarification above cited one congeniality [of] phrase supporting [it] made by Elson Pickket and ( 1976: 73), namely " Phrase composed unit a in A, potentially, words more or two or, typically which but, always note but, level clouse a of slot fills." Implicit here congeniality that frase only have potency [to] consist of two word or more and clearly [do] not exceed clause characteristic namely only one function except predikat [relation/link] and object in consequence phrase to represent gatra filler in clause. This congeniality [is] weared as basis for identify phrase in this research analysi. Starting from theory weared in this research namely analyse tagmemik, hence discussion hereinafter will be divided into function analysis, category, and role of[is each phrase interior.

Mongolian anthroponyms in the Tuvan version of the Buddhist work “Üleger-Dalay”

Nowadays, no works in Tuvinian linguistics consider the specificity of anthroponyms borrowed from the Mongolian language, peculiarities of their adaptation and functioning in Tuvan Buddhist texts. Meanwhile, studying this word group can shed light on the formation and functioning of the Tuvan Buddhist vocabulary and reveal additional data on the history of the formation of lexical and phonetic features of the Tuvinian language associated with the Tuvan- Mongolian language and cultural contacts. It is worth studying Mongolian borrowed anthroponyms in the Tuvan translation of the Buddhist work “Üleger-Dalay” – the sutra “Sea of Proverbs,” the only Tuvan Buddhist source not influenced by the Russian-speaking Buddhist literature actively published and translated into Tuvan since the 1990s. The specificity of the Mongolian anthroponyms analyzed is that their nominative function simultaneously characterizes the referent and reflects its essence. They are divided into six thematic groups: names-epithets of Buddha, names associated with Buddhist practices, names indicating the inner qualities of a person, names of celestials, names associated with natural objects, names with somatismatic components indicating the appearance or associated with the circumstances of the referent’s birth. They are divided into three structural types: 1-component, 2-component (most of them), and 3-component. All borrowed Mongolian names have mostly been adapted to the phonetic norms of the Tuvinian language. The main ways of phonetic transformation are assimilation, formation of long vowels, replacement of some sounds and sound combinations with other sounds, simplification of vowels.

The Japanese Understanding on New Words with Suffix -Teki Across Generations

The research attempted to portray the language dynamic on using the suffix -teki among Japanese based on old and young generations as reflected by age. Data were collected by using questionnaires distributed to the Japanese native speakers. New words were responded to as understandable, doubtful, and difficult. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used in order to find out the results. For both the young and old generations, the stem words from Kango were the easiest to understand, yet, the most difficult words were groups of Gairaigo, Wago, and Konshugo. A significant difference was found between the age groups. The old generation expressed more doubt on new foreign words than the young one only in using -teki for Gairaigo word group. It is concluded that some meanings of words with suffixes are understood across young and old generations. However, the development of technology and globalization may impact some doubtful responses that differentiate between these two generations.

Kādas ādas atrodam 17. gadsimta latviešu rakstu avotos

In the article, the word āda, which is the entry for the Historical Dictionary of Latvian (16th–17th centuries), as well as other formatives with this word and word groups, are discussed. In the 17th century’s texts, the word āda is frequently used in two meanings – ‘skin (human or animal)’ and ‘leather’; there are also characteristic word groups with this word. Writing the Historical Dictionary, different problematic questions appear, this time mainly connected with the semantics of word groups, derivatives, or compounds. It is difficult to distinguish the free word groups from idioms, namely, to determine when the transfer of the sense has happened. In Latvian, the source of many idioms is the Bible, especially the first translation at the end of the 17th century (1685–1694) carried out by Ernst Glück. Therefore, considering Latvian texts of the 17th century, often a question appears, whether the word group is used in its direct meaning or it is an idiom, for example, āda niez ‘skin itches’, ādu dīrāt ‘to skin’, ādu noplēst ‘to rip off the skin’ etc. The word āda has some interesting derivatives and compounds in the early texts, for example, priekšāda ‘foreskin’, ādminis ‘skinner’, ādainis ‘made from leather’ etc. To discuss the semantics of words, word groups of the religious texts, a comparison with later translations of the Bible is very useful. The word āda in the 17th century’s texts is a component of such a unique word group as takas āda, meaning ‘leather of unknown animal’. To make conclusions about the name of this animal it probably would be useful to study the Bible texts in original languages.

Das semantische Potential der Idiome aus kognitiver Perspektive

Idioms are especially complicated language units from a semantic point of view. They are motivated, expressive, ambigue, imagic and imaginistic, and contain a semantic added value. This corpus-based research on idioms shows that their meanings are not as stable as it has been presumed until now and that dictionary definitions contain many shortcomings. The aim of this article is to reveal the semantic potential of idioms in use and to explain it from a cognitive perspective. It is argued that the semantic complexity of idioms results from two aspects: (i) their ambiguity based on interaction between the literal and the lexicalized meaning, (ii) their polylexicality – the semantic derivations can occur not only on the level of the word group but also concern the individual components. As this research shows, the most important mechanisms of meaning constitution are metonymy, metaphor and metaphtonymy.