Conceptualising strategic litigation

Database Research ◽

Conceptual Relations ◽

Definition Of ◽

Exact Definition ◽

Strategic Litigation

This article conceptualises the term “strategic litigation” in order to provide for a definition of it. Strategic litigation is a tool increasingly used in Europe by individuals and organisations to attain different objectives. Next to that, there is increasing academic attention for the topic. Nevertheless, the exact definition of “strategic litigation” remains unclear. Therefore, this article uses the research method of conceptualisation as well as a database research and additional literature to provide for a definition. It looks firstly at the background concept, involving the range of meanings associated with the term “strategic litigation”, after which a systematised concept is formed. Thereby, use is made of the “necessary and sufficient conditions” (NSC) approach, to develop the conditions necessary and/or sufficient for a case to fit within the category of strategic litigation. Moreover, the external conceptual relations of the term are explored.

Generalized Timelike Mannheim Curves in Minkowski Space-Time

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2011/539378 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. Akyig~it ◽

S. Ersoy ◽

İ. Özgür ◽

M. Tosun

Keyword(s):

Minkowski Space ◽

Sufficient Conditions ◽

Space Time ◽

Minkowski Space Time ◽

Mannheim Curve ◽

Definition Of ◽

We give the definition of generalized timelike Mannheim curve in Minkowski space-time . The necessary and sufficient conditions for the generalized timelike Mannheim curve are obtained. We show some characterizations of generalized Mannheim curve.

Fair bets and inductive probabilities

Journal of Symbolic Logic ◽

10.2307/2268222 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 263-273 ◽

Cited By ~ 110

Author(s):

John G. Kemeny

Keyword(s):

Sufficient Conditions ◽

The Other ◽

Inductive Probability ◽

Other Hand ◽

Frequency Interpretation ◽

Definition Of ◽

Degree Of Confirmation

The question of what constitutes fairness in betting quotients has been studied by Ramsey, deFinetti, and Shimony. Thanks to their combined efforts we now have a satisfactory definition of fairness.On the other hand, the explication of the concept of degree of confirmation (inductive probability) has progressed rapidly in recent years, thanks primarily to Carnap. This explication has usually proceeded by laying down the axioms for frequency-probabilities, and elaborating on these. While in the case where a frequency interpretation is intended these axioms are clearly justified, in our case they have been laid down without any justification. Carnap's presentation has been criticized for just this reason.The purpose of this paper is to show that the probability axioms are necessary and sufficient conditions to assure that the degrees of confirmation form a set of fair betting quotients. In addition it will be shown that one additional, highly controversial, axiom is precisely the condition needed to assure that not only deFinetti's weaker criterion but Shimony's criterion of fairness is also satisfied.

Isomorphism of Binary Operations in Differential Geometry

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym12101634 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1634

Author(s):

Nikita E. Barabanov

Keyword(s):

Sufficient Conditions ◽

Canonical Representation ◽

Function Parameter ◽

Binary Operations ◽

Möbius Addition ◽

Algebraic Automorphism ◽

Definition Of ◽

Metric Tensors

We consider smooth binary operations invariant with respect to unitary transformations that generalize the operations of the Beltrami–Klein and Beltrami–Poincare ball models of hyperbolic geometry, known as Einstein addition and Möbius addition. It is shown that all such operations may be recovered from associated metric tensors that have a canonical form. Necessary and sufficient conditions for canonical metric tensors to generate binary operations are found. A definition of algebraic isomorphism of binary operations is given. Necessary and sufficient conditions for binary operations to be isomorphic are provided. It is proved that every algebraic automorphism gives rise to isomorphism of corresponding gyrogroups. Necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of metric tensors for binary operations to be isomorphic to Euclidean addition are given. The problem of binary operations to be isomorphic to Einstein addition is also solved in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions. We also obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for binary operations having the same function-parameter in the canonical representation of metric tensors to be isomorphic.

On extensions of the Riemann and Lebesgue Integrals by Nets

Canadian Mathematical Bulletin ◽

10.4153/cmb-1975-002-1 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 7-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

O. S. Bellamy ◽

H. W. Ellis

Keyword(s):

General Theory ◽

Sufficient Conditions ◽

Closed Set ◽

Denjoy Integral ◽

Definition Of ◽

Open Extension

In this note our principal interest is in using nets to give spaces of non-absolutely convergent integrals as extensions of the spaces of absolutely convergent Riemann and Lebesgue integrals. For this purpose we develop a general theory of extensions, by nets, of functions defined on the open intervals with closures in the complement of a fixed closed set, the nets being directed by inclusion for finite disjoint collections of such intervals. Two cases are considered leading to open extension (OE-) and conditional open extension (COE-) nets, the latter being subnets of the former. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the convergence of the OE- and COE-nets are given, those for the COE-nets being similar to conditions that arise in the definition of the restricted Denjoy integral. Properties of inner continuity, weak additivity and the existence of a continuous integral are defined and studied. These relate to the more specialized nets that are suitable for the extension of integrals.

Additivity of the Pn-Integral

Canadian Journal of Mathematics ◽

10.4153/cjm-1978-067-2 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 783-796 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

George Cross

Keyword(s):

Sufficient Conditions ◽

Slight Modification ◽

Definition Of ◽

It is known that the Pn-tegral as originally defined is not additive on abutting intervals. This paper offers a slight modification in the definition of the integral and develops necessary and sufficient conditions for the integral to be additive.

Finding linking sets

International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences ◽

10.1155/ijmms/2006/24623 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2006 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Martin Schechter ◽

Kyril Tintarev

Keyword(s):

Banach Space ◽

Sufficient Conditions ◽

General Definition ◽

Definition Of ◽

We present the most general definition of the linking of sets in a Banach space and discuss necessary and sufficient conditions for sets to link.

*-Finite Graph and Its Applications

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.336-338.2359 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 336-338 ◽

pp. 2359-2362

Author(s):

Dong Li Chen ◽

Yan Zhang ◽

Chun Hui Ma

Keyword(s):

Nonstandard Analysis ◽

Sufficient Conditions ◽

Finite Graph ◽

Infinite Graph ◽

Transfer Principle ◽

Definition Of ◽

By the method of nonstandard analysis, the definition of *-finite graph is given, and necessary and sufficient conditions of *-finite graph are obtained. Further, by the Transfer Principle, we apply the theory of finite graph to *-finite graph, embed given infinite graph into some *-finite graph, and finally obtain the related results of infinite graph.

Generalization of (U,N)-Implications

International Journal of Uncertainty Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems ◽

10.1142/s0218488515500154 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 23 (03) ◽

pp. 367-377

Author(s):

Zhen-Bo Li ◽

Yong Su ◽

Hua-Wen Liu

Keyword(s):

Sufficient Conditions ◽

Rotation Invariant ◽

Definition Of ◽

In this paper we generalize (U,N)-implications. First we introduce (US, N)-operation by replacing the uninorm U with a semi-uninorm US in the definition of a (U, N)-operation. Then the necessary and sufficient conditions that a (US, N)-operation is a implication are given out. Furthermore, we characterize the (US, N)-implications. Last we generalize the definition of rotation invariant and investigate the intersection between the residual implications and (US,N)-implications derived from some semi-uninorms with the generalized rotation invariant.

The outer inverse f(2)T,S of a homomorphism of right R-modules

Filomat ◽

10.2298/fil1919459w ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (19) ◽

pp. 6459-6468

Author(s):

Zhou Wang

Keyword(s):

Generalized Inverse ◽

Sufficient Conditions ◽

Drazin Inverse ◽

Group Inverse ◽

Outer Inverse ◽

Basic Properties ◽

Definition Of ◽

In this paper, we introduce the definition of the generalized inverse f(2)T,S, which is an outer inverse of the homomorphism f of right R-modules with prescribed image T and kernel S. Some basic properties of the generalized inverse f(2)T,S are presented. It is shown that the Drazin inverse, the group inverse and the Moore-Penrose inverse, if they exist, are all the generalized inverse f 2) T,S. In addition, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the generalized inverse f(1,2)T,S.

Characterizations of variational convergence of bifunctions defined on products of two sets

Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology ◽

10.32508/stdjet.v3isi3.643 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (SI3) ◽

pp. First

Author(s):

Diem Thi Hong Huynh

Keyword(s):

Basic Property ◽

Specific Problem ◽

Sufficient Conditions ◽

Variational Convergence ◽

Product Spaces ◽

The Third ◽

Left And Right ◽

Definition Of ◽

We present definitions of types of variational convergence of finite-valued bifunctions defined on rectangular domains and establish characterizations of these convergences. In the introduction, we present the origins of the research on variational convergence and then we lead to the specific problem of this paper. The content of the paper consists of 3 parts: variational convergance of fucntion; variational convergance of bifunction; and characterizations of variational convergence of bifunction, this part is the main results of this paper. In section 2, we presented the definition of epi convergence and presented a basic property problem that will be used to extend and develop the next two sections. In section 3, we start to present a new definition, the definition of convergence epi / hypo, minsup and maxinf. To clearly understand of these new definitions we have provided comments (remarks) and some examples which reader can check these definitions. The above contents serve the main result of this paper will apply in part 4. Now, we will explain more detail for this part as follows. Firstly, variational convergence of bifunctions is characterized by the epi- and hypo-convergence of related unifunctions, which are slices sup- and inf-projections. The second characterization expresses the equivalence of variational convergence of bifunctions and the same convergence of the so-called proper bifunctions defined on the whole product spaces. In the third one, the geometric reformulation, we establish explicitly the interval of all the limits by computing formulae of the left- and right-end limit bifunctions, and this is necessary and sufficient conditions of the sequence bifunctions to attain epi / hypo, minsup and maxinf convergence.