The Algebraic Surfaces of the Enneper Family of Maximal Surfaces in Three Dimensional Minkowski Space

We consider the Enneper family of real maximal surfaces via Weierstrass data (1,ζm) for ζ∈C, m∈Z≥1. We obtain the irreducible surfaces of the family in the three dimensional Minkowski space E2,1. Moreover, we propose that the family has degree (2m+1)2 (resp., class 2m(2m+1)) in the cartesian coordinates x,y,z (resp., in the inhomogeneous tangential coordinates a,b,c).

Branching in Relativistic Space-Times

The chapter shows how local indeterminism underlying BST combines with relativistic space-times. First it defines particular BST structures in which histories are isomorphic to Minkowski space-times. It further argues that many general relativistic space-times are one-history structures of BST. It introduces the notion of non-Hausdorff differential manifolds and investigates if they can be interpreted modally, as structures of BST with multiple histories. It investigates bifurcating curves in non-Hausdorff manifolds, which are natural representations of alternative evolutions of point-like objects. As the required bifurcating curves are unlikely in General Relativity, whereas there are cases of indeterministic general relativistic space-times, the chapter concludes that General Relativity is globally indeterministic, but locally deterministic.

A Spinor Model for Cascading Two-port Scattering Matrices In Conformal Geometric Algebra

Building on the work in [1], this paper shows how Conformal Geometric Algebra (CGA) can be used to model an arbitrary two-port scattering matrix as a rotation in four dimensional Minkowski space, known as a spinor. This spinor model plays the role of the wave-cascading matrix in conventional microwave network theory. Techniques to translate two-port scattering matrix in and out of spinor form are given. Once the translation is laid out, geometric interpretations are given to the physical properties of reciprocity, loss, and symmetry and some mathe- matical groups are identified. Methods to decompose a network into various sub-networks, are given. An example application of interpolating a 2-port network is provided demonstrating an advantage of the spinor model. Since rotations in four dimensional Minkowski space are Lorentz transformations, this model opens up the field of network theory to physicists familiar with relativity, and vice versa.

Another Proof of Born’s Rule on Arbitrary Cauchy Surfaces

In 2017, Lienert and Tumulka proved Born’s rule on arbitrary Cauchy surfaces in Minkowski space-time assuming Born’s rule and a corresponding collapse rule on horizontal surfaces relative to a fixed Lorentz frame, as well as a given unitary time evolution between any two Cauchy surfaces, satisfying that there is no interaction faster than light and no propagation faster than light. Here, we prove Born’s rule on arbitrary Cauchy surfaces from a different, but equally reasonable, set of assumptions. The conclusion is that if detectors are placed along any Cauchy surface $$\Sigma $$ Σ , then the observed particle configuration on $$\Sigma $$ Σ is a random variable with distribution density $$|\Psi _\Sigma |^2$$ | Ψ Σ | 2 , suitably understood. The main different assumption is that the Born and collapse rules hold on any spacelike hyperplane, i.e., at any time coordinate in any Lorentz frame. Heuristically, this follows if the dynamics of the detectors is Lorentz invariant.

Nontrivial Isometric Embeddings for Flat Spaces

Nontrivial isometric embeddings for flat metrics (i.e., those which are not just planes in the ambient space) can serve as useful tools in the description of gravity in the embedding gravity approach. Such embeddings can additionally be required to have the same symmetry as the metric. On the other hand, it is possible to require the embedding to be unfolded so that the surface in the ambient space would occupy the subspace of the maximum possible dimension. In the weak gravitational field limit, such a requirement together with a large enough dimension of the ambient space makes embedding gravity equivalent to general relativity, while at lower dimensions it guarantees the linearizability of the equations of motion. We discuss symmetric embeddings for the metrics of flat Euclidean three-dimensional space and Minkowski space. We propose the method of sequential surface deformations for the construction of unfolded embeddings. We use it to construct such embeddings of flat Euclidean three-dimensional space and Minkowski space, which can be used to analyze the equations of motion of embedding gravity.