Taking Forward Roger's Interest in the Relationship between the Early Modern Family, Demography, Economy and Government Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Simon Szreter
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Work Related ◽  
The Poor

This paper describes how Roger Schofield came to characterise the English social system of the early modern period as 'individualist-collectivist', in which individualism is located within a larger structure and context of collectivism. It discusses this in the context of his contributions to the book he co-edited with John Walter in 1989, entitled Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society. Roger's work related the evidence of demographic and epidemiological change not only to family structures, ideological belief systems and government policy, as saliently represented by effects of the poor laws, but also to economic productivity as a dependent variable. That was quite the opposite of the dominant orthodoxy of the post-war era, which was that demography and epidemiology were driven by economics, not vice versa. This has the implication for our own era that constructive government policy has repeatedly played an important positive role in the economic productivity of the nation and that tax-funded generous support for the poor is a central part of that, which citizens should positively support.

scholarly journals Strzały zatrutego powietrza „na ludzie i na każdą rzecz”. Wczesnonowożytne kształtowanie doświadczenia zarazy

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-272
Author(s):  
Andrzej Tadeusz Staniszewski
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The People ◽  
Disastrous Experience ◽  
Modern Experience ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Early Modern Era

Artykuł stanowi krótki przegląd sposobów, w jaki wczesnonowożytna medycyna i kultura religijna interpretowały i kształtowały doświadczenie zarazy i życia w jej czasie. Część pierwsza przedstawia średniowieczne i nowożytne wyjaśnienia medyczne dotyczące pochodzenia i rozprzestrzeniania się chorób zakaźnych. Autor w drugiej części tekstu omawia nowożytne sposoby ukazania niesionej powietrzem zarazy jako zagrożenia powszechnego i wszechogarniającego oraz rekapituluje dawne teorie łączące zatrucie powietrza z działaniem gwiazd. Trzecia część artykułu jest refleksją nad tym, w jakim stopniu doświadczenie zarazy było czymś wspólnym, dotykającym w podobny sposób wszystkich mieszkańców nowożytnej Europy. Wskazuje też, że choć zaraza była zjawiskiem stale obecnym w dawnej Europie, istniały spore różnice w jej doświadczeniu w zależności od stanu społecznego. Następna część tekstu przedstawia, jak na akceptację takiego stanu rzeczy mógł wpływać proces nadawania epidemii wymiaru moralnego i religijnego. Artykuł podsumowuje zakończenie, wskazujące, jak indywidualizacja doświadczenia zarazy – symbolizowana przez strzałę – jednocześnie przynosiła ludziom otuchę i pozwalała objaśnić niszczony zarazą świat w znajomych kategoriach, a także uniemożliwiała wyobrażenie sobie innego modelu wspólnoty przeżywania zarazy. Arrows of Poisoned Air for the “People and All That Lives:” Shaping the Epidemic Experience in the Early Modern Era The paper offers a brief overview of the ways in which both early modern medical knowledge and religious culture interpreted and shaped the experience of the pestilence. The first part of the text presents medieval and early modern medical theories on the origins and spread of the plague and other infectious diseases. The second part of the text discusses how the idea of airborne plague shaped the image of pestilence as not only a universal bane but also a somehow egalitarian experience. It also summarises the theories on the astrological origin of the disease, which were widespread in the early modern period. The third part of the text explores to what extent the early modern experience of the plague was truly egalitarian. The author points out that although the plague was commonplace at that time, the foundational inequality of the early modern society effectively differentiated the experience of the disease for its various members. The subsequent part of the text analyses how the process of ascribing a moral – and, specifically, religious – dimension to the plague and all the suffering it caused promoted acceptance of this state of affairs in the early modern society. The concluding part of the text discusses how the concept of the plague arrow served as a tool for the individualization of the experience of the disease and its consequences, which on the one hand provided some relief to the affected and helped rationalize the destruction brought to the world by the plague, but on the other successfully proscribed any potential attempts to reimagine the social order in the wake of such a disastrous experience.

Overview of the research work of Prof. Fumiko Sugimoto

Impact ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (7) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Fumiko Sugimoto
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Spatial Theory ◽  
Early Modern Japan ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The People ◽  
The 19Th Century

Professor Fumiko Sugimoto has been analysing the history of the 18th century and first half of the 19th century with a focus not only on the temporal axis but also on the relationships between specific spaces and the people who live and act as subjective agents in these spaces. During the past few years, she has been endeavouring to decipher the history in the period of transition from the early modern period to the modern period by introducing the perspective of oceans, with a focus on Japan. Through the study of history in terms of spatial theory that also takes oceans into consideration, she is proposing to present a new concept about the territorial formation of modern states. [Main subjects] Law and Governance in Early Modern Japan Judgement in Early Modern Society The Evolution of Control over Territory under the Tokugawa State A Human Being in the Nineteenth Century: WATANABE Kazan, a Conflicting Consciousness of Status as an Artist and as a Samurai Early Modern Maps in the Social-standing-based Order of Tokugawa Japan The World of Information in Bakumatsu Japan: Timely News and Bird's Eye Views Early Modern Political History in Terms of Spatial Theory The Emergence of Newly Defined Oceans and the Transformation of Political Culture.

Music in Global Jesuit Missions, 1540–1773

2018 ◽  
pp. 597-634
Author(s):  
David R. M. Irving
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
Global Missions ◽  
High Courts ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Pacific

The Society of Jesus has long been recognized for its global contribution to the study, practice, and dissemination of European music in the early modern period, and especially for its interactions with non-European music cultures. In Europe, Jesuit colleges played a seminal role in music education and the development of music in drama, major sacred works were composed by or for Jesuits, and treatises on music were written by Jesuit theorists. In the Americas and on islands in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, music served as a device for evangelization and conversion of indigenous peoples; in some of the missions, European music was cultivated to a level reported as comparable with standards of cities in Europe. Meanwhile, elite Jesuit scholars who gained access to high courts in Asia engaged in dialogue with local scholars, impressing powerful potentates and distinguishing themselves through their talent in music and their skills in astronomy, mathematics, cartography, languages, and diplomacy. This chapter surveys and critiques the diverse role of music within the global missions of the early modern Society of Jesus, with case studies drawn from Europe, the Americas, and Asia.

Access to Justice: Legal Aid to the Poor at Civil Law Courts in the Eighteenth-Century Low Countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Griet Vermeesch
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Law Courts ◽  
Legal Entitlement

Medieval and early modern rulers commonly proclaimed that protecting the legal entitlements of the personae miserabiles, who included widows, orphans, the chronically ill and “the poor,” was among their principal duties. The entitlement of the poor to legal services was not a matter of grace but was in fact their “good right.” For example, widows, orphans, and other personae miserabili had the privilege of being heard in first instance before high courts, so as to save time and costs in pursuing their legal claims. Another example of manifest commitment to legal entitlement for the poor was the refusal of Philip II of Habsburg to consent to measures that would limit the jurisdiction of his Castilian chanceries; the measures had been proposed so as to limit the chanceries’ ever-increasing workload, but, because they could also restrict indigents' access to such courts, were rejected by the monarch. At first glance, such inclusiveness appears to have been achieved, particularly in view of the large numbers of petty conflicts brought before formal law courts during the long sixteenth century, leading to a so-called “legal revolution.” Historians generally acknowledge that broad layers of early modern society made abundant use of civil adjudication in arranging their social and economic relations and interests.

scholarly journals “It Is Extreme Necessity That Makes Me Do This”: Some “Survival Strategies” of Pauper Households in London's West End During the Early Eighteenth Century”

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (S8) ◽  
pp. 47-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Boulton
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Elderly Parents ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Alternative Sources

Although research on survival strategies is still at a relatively early stage, there are clearly some areas where there is considerable difference in emphasis placed by historians on the relative importance of particular “expedients” deployed by the poorin extremisThere is, for example, uncertainty regarding the amount of support given by neighbours as opposed to relatives. There is some historical contention, too, over the importance to the elderly of care by their children, as opposed to alternative sources of maintenance such as earnings, charity and especially the formal institutions of poor relief. After all, in the early modern period the principle source for a study of the survival strategies of poor people is always likely to be the records of poor relief or charitable agencies and institutions. The obvious danger here is that historians of poor relief consistently overestimate the importance of such relief to the poor. Both Richard Wall and Pat Thane, using evidence from nineteenth- and twentieth-century England, for example, have demonstrated that the elderly received far more support from relatives than has been realized. Professor Thane has argued that this situation is unlikely t o have been new. Other historians, however, are much more sceptical over the value of intergenerational flows of wealth from children to elderly parents.

Spectacle and martyrdom: bloody suffering, performed suffering and recited suffering in French tragedy (late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries)1

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Biet
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Virtual Scene ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Social

Biet’s chapter about French 17th- and 18th- century spectacle and text introduces the important theme of performance by reaffirming the key role of performing in terms of a public repetition of traumatic experiences already stirring the social fabric. At the start of the early modern period, when tragedy re-emerges in a sort of re-birth, tragic theatre becomes an alternative scenery for social action, a virtual scene for experimental lives, but also another scaffold and another judicial court for the audience, taking place inside theatres. Performing bodies, as Biet’s account reveals, are never at the start of a process of public spectacularization of violence. It thereby constitutes an essential meditation on where ‘art’ took up and discontinued the real to an early modern society that still knew spectacular punishment. Performers, as Biet sees them, engaged in anxieties opened by real trials and judiciary rulings, yet their repetitions permitted audiences to gain a more solid foothold in the ‘open wounds’ of an ongoing punitive judiciary.

Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 659
Author(s):  
Anne Hardy ◽  
John Walter ◽  
Roger S. Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The Social
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