scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF NATURAL GAS HUMIDITY CONTROL DEVICE

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-90
Author(s):  
Yosyp Bilynsky ◽  
Oksana Horodetska ◽  
Svitlana Sirenko ◽  
Dmytro Novytskyi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Traveling Wave ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Ultrahigh Frequency ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Frequency Method ◽  
Waveguide Section ◽  
Humidity Control ◽  
Humidity Measurement

The means of measuring humidity based on the use of the ultrahigh frequency method have been recently gaining widespread use, because of its simple, robust construction and high measuring accuracy. We used the advanced waveguide ultrahigh frequency method of measuring the moisture content of natural gas which, in contrast to the known the use of a traveling wave in a waveguide, is proposed. In this case, the interaction with waves of the ultrahigh frequency range changes the dielectric properties of the gas, and this change is registered. On the basis of an improved ultrahigh frequency method of humidity measurement, a device for natural gas humidity control using a traveling wave in a waveguide is proposed. The investigations have shown that a comparative channel increased the measurement accuracy, as a two-channel system – in contrast to a single-channel – eliminates the instability of the value of the input signal supplied to the generator. The principle of operation of a natural gas humidity control device that contains an ultrahigh frequency generator, attenuators, waveguide tees, a waveguide section for comparison, temperature sensor and pressure switches for the comparative and measuring channels, a measuring cuvette, amplifier, microprocessor, and display unit is described. A mathematical model of a natural gas humidity control device, which takes into account the values of the dielectric permittivity of the measuring gas and reference channels and contains correction factors for temperature, the use of which increases the accuracy of humidity measurement, is proposed. The lower and upper calibration points of the natural gas humidity control device are defined. The influence of correction factors for the temperature at the measurement error of the humidity is analyzed.

scholarly journals Raoult’s law revisited: accurately predicting equilibrium relative humidity points for humidity control experiments

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Bowler ◽  
David R. Bowler ◽  
Matthew W. Bowler
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Raoult’S Law ◽  
Simple Argument ◽  
Humidity Control ◽  
Saturated Vapour Pressure ◽  
Saturated Vapour ◽  
Equilibrium Relative Humidity ◽  
Raoult's Law

AbstractThe humidity surrounding a sample is an important variable in scientific experiments. Biological samples in particular require not just a humid atmosphere but often a relative humidity (RH) that is in equilibrium with a stabilizing solution required to maintain the sample in the same state during measurements. The controlled dehydration of macromolecular crystals can lead to significant increases in crystal order, which often leads to higher diffraction quality. Devices that can accurately control the humidity surrounding crystals on a beamline have led to this technique being increasingly adopted, as experiments become easier and more reproducible. Matching the relative humidity to the mother liquor is the first step to allow the stable mounting of a crystal. In previous work, we measured the equilibrium relative humidity for a range of concentrations of the most commonly used precipitants and showed how this related to Raoult’s law for the equilibrium vapour pressure of water above a solution. However, a discrepancy between measured values and those predicted by theory could not be explained. Here, we have used a more precise humidity control device to determine equilibrium relative humidity points. The new results are in agreement with Raoult’s law. We also present a simple argument in statistical mechanics demonstrating that the saturated vapour pressure of a solvent is proportional to its mole fraction in an ideal solution: Raoult’s Law. The same argument can be extended to the case where solvent and solute molecules are of different size, as is the case with polymers. The results provide a framework for the correct maintenance of the RH surrounding samples.SynopsisThe equilibrium relative humidity values for a number of the most commonly used precipitants in biological macromolecule crystallisation have been measured using a new humidity control device. A simple argument in statistical mechanics demonstrates that the saturated vapour pressure of a solvent is proportional to its mole fraction in an ideal solution (Raoult’s Law). The same argument can be extended to the case where solvent and solute molecules are of different size.

scholarly journals Comprehensive method for evaluating results of ultrasonic testing of parts and components of rolling stock when adjusting the sensitivity for different reflectors

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-128
Author(s):  
A. N. KIREEV ◽  
V. V. BYKADOROV ◽  
M. A. KIREEVA
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Testing ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Flaw Detection ◽  
Flaw Detector ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Frequency Method ◽  
Integrated Method ◽  
Cylindrical Reflector ◽  
Railway Rolling Stock

Operation of railway rolling stock is accompanied by high costs of maintaining its operating condition throughout the entire period of operation. To improve the operation efficiency of rolling stock, methods and diagnostics tools have been developed, which are used both in its manufacture and in carrying out maintenance and repairs, and as an independent technological process. Diagnostics allows to increase the availability factor and the probability of uptime of the rolling stock, reduce the complexity and cost of periodic maintenance of its nodes. The article proposes a new integrated method for estimating discontinuities in parts and units of railway rolling stock according to the amplitude — distance — diameter diagrams by the standardless method with the possibility of determining the type of discontinuity by the dual-frequency method of flaw-detection with a manual ultrasonic testing with a single-channel ultrasonic flaw detector. Developed method is most relevant in the control of cast parts of railway rolling stock, since castings can be equally likely to contain bulk (pores, shells, nonmetallic inclusions, etc.) and planar discontinuities (cracks of different origin; flocks; segregations that lead to violation continuity, etc.). Proposed method allows estimating the discontinuity by comparing the amplitude of the echo signal from it with the corresponding type of tuning reflector: if the discontinuity is planar as a result of using the two-frequency flaw-detection method, the comparison is carried out with the amplitude of the flat-bottomed cylindrical reflector; if the discontinuity is volumetric, then the comparison is made with the amplitude from the spherical reflector. The article describes the algorithm that was developed to automate the calculation of the parameters of the amplitude — distance — diameter diagram, the parameters of the use of the two-frequency method, and also the estimation of the detected discontinuities, and, based on it, the NDTRT-25 software that allows ensuring the convenience of the operator-diagnostician.

Proof-of-Principle Experiment of a 20-kW-Average-Power Ka-Band Gyro-Traveling Wave Tube With a Cut-Off Waveguide Section

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 769-772
Author(s):  
Yong Xu ◽  
Ya Mao ◽  
Weijie Wang ◽  
Yong Luo ◽  
J. X. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traveling Wave ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Traveling Wave Tube ◽  
Wave Tube ◽  
Waveguide Section ◽  
Ka Band ◽  
Proof Of Principle

Application Research on Natural Frequency Method in Single Terminal Traveling Wave Fault Location

2013 ◽  
Vol 341-342 ◽  
pp. 1393-1396
Author(s):  
Li Gao ◽  
Hong Chun Shu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Natural Frequency ◽  
Traveling Wave ◽  
Fault Location ◽  
Travelling Wave ◽  
Application Research ◽  
Frequency Method ◽  
Location Method ◽  
Calculation Results

A method is provided to make natural frequency method be applied to single terminal traveling wave fault location in the paper. A group of fault distance suspected is calculated by single terminal method of traveling wave fault location method firstly, then deal with current travelling wave of fault by FFT to get the natural frequency reflecting fault location so that a fault distance can be calculated by it. Contrast the fault distance from natural frequency method and everyone of the group of fault distance suspected from single terminal method of traveling wave fault location method to determine the suspected fault distance closed to it is the calculation results we want. Numerical simulation shows the method can improve effectively the reliability of single terminal traveling wave fault location.

A humidity control device for ovens

1936 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 412-413
Author(s):  
C T Webster
Keyword(s):  
Control Device ◽  
Humidity Control

scholarly journals Raoult's law revisited: accurately predicting equilibrium relative humidity points for humidity control experiments

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 631-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Bowler ◽  
David R. Bowler ◽  
Matthew W. Bowler
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Raoult’S Law ◽  
Simple Argument ◽  
Acta Cryst ◽  
Humidity Control ◽  
Humid Atmosphere ◽  
Raoult's Law

The humidity surrounding a sample is an important variable in scientific experiments. Biological samples in particular require not just a humid atmosphere but often a relative humidity (RH) that is in equilibrium with a stabilizing solution required to maintain the sample in the same state during measurements. The controlled dehydration of macromolecular crystals can lead to significant increases in crystal order, leading to higher diffraction quality. Devices that can accurately control the humidity surrounding crystals while monitoring diffraction have led to this technique being increasingly adopted, as the experiments become easier and more reproducible. Matching the RH to the mother liquor is the first step in allowing the stable mounting of a crystal. In previous work [Wheeler, Russi, Bowler & Bowler (2012). Acta Cryst. F68, 111–114], the equilibrium RHs were measured for a range of concentrations of the most commonly used precipitants in macromolecular crystallography and it was shown how these related to Raoult's law for the equilibrium vapour pressure of water above a solution. However, a discrepancy between the measured values and those predicted by theory could not be explained. Here, a more precise humidity control device has been used to determine equilibrium RH points. The new results are in agreement with Raoult's law. A simple argument in statistical mechanics is also presented, demonstrating that the equilibrium vapour pressure of a solvent is proportional to its mole fraction in an ideal solution: Raoult's law. The same argument can be extended to the case where the solvent and solute molecules are of different sizes, as is the case with polymers. The results provide a framework for the correct maintenance of the RH surrounding a sample.

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