scholarly journals ANALYTICAL STUDY OF RATE VOLUME LIQUID WATER CONTENT IN LOW CLOUDS OVER IRAQ

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-792
Author(s):  
Zangana & et al.
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Low Clouds ◽  
Gis Technique ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Low Cloud ◽  
Water Amount

Iraq suffers a severe declining catastrophic in water resources; due to disagreement Share water to the neighboring countries Turkey, Syria and Iran. As well as the water policy in Iraq is unclear, the management of Iraq water have no strategic plan to treat the severe decrease in water sources. In this study, adopted eight climatic stations, are available at Iraqi general meteorological organization. The low clouds data 24 observations per day had been taken, from 1975 to 2005. For this purpose, the researchers determined the distribution of the stations and water amount at the Iraq using (GIS) Technique.  It has found the annual average liquid water content calculated from the Low cloud only is 2585742648 m3, and the annual average Rainfall from the low cloud is 2563537 m3. In addition, the net LWC is 2583179111 m3, so there are great opportunities to Enhancement rain from Low Clouds. To get the greatest benefit from the main low – level clouds in supplying liquid water for cloud seeding, must be given a serious attention to observing four clouds type (Sc5, Cb9, Sc8 and Cu2).

scholarly journals Modelling the relationship between liquid water content and cloud droplet number concentration observed in low clouds in the summer Arctic and its radiative effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-43
Author(s):  
Joelle Dionne ◽  
Knut von Salzen ◽  
Jason Cole ◽  
Rashed Mahmood ◽  
W. Richard Leaitch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Radiative Effect ◽  
Low Clouds ◽  
Cloud Radiative Effect ◽  
Cloud Droplet Number Concentration

Abstract. Low clouds persist in the summer Arctic with important consequences for the radiation budget. In this study, we simulate the linear relationship between liquid water content (LWC) and cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) observed during an aircraft campaign based out of Resolute Bay, Canada, conducted as part of the Network on Climate and Aerosols: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments study in July 2014. Using a single-column model, we find that autoconversion can explain the observed linear relationship between LWC and CDNC. Of the three autoconversion schemes we examined, the scheme using continuous drizzle (Khairoutdinov and Kogan, 2000) appears to best reproduce the observed linearity in the tenuous cloud regime (Mauritsen et al., 2011), while a scheme with a threshold for rain (Liu and Daum, 2004) best reproduces the linearity at higher CDNC. An offline version of the radiative transfer model used in the Canadian Atmospheric Model version 4.3 is used to compare the radiative effects of the modelled and observed clouds. We find that there is no significant difference in the upward longwave cloud radiative effect at the top of the atmosphere from the three autoconversion schemes (p=0.05) but that all three schemes differ at p=0.05 from the calculations based on observations. In contrast, the downward longwave and shortwave cloud radiative effect at the surface for the Wood (2005b) and Khairoutdinov and Kogan (2000) schemes do not differ significantly (p=0.05) from the observation-based radiative calculations, while the Liu and Daum (2004) scheme differs significantly from the observation-based calculation for the downward shortwave but not the downward longwave fluxes.

scholarly journals Modelling the relationship between liquid water content and cloud droplet number concentration observed in low clouds in the summer Arctic and its radiative effects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joelle Dionne ◽  
Knut von~Salzen ◽  
Jason Cole ◽  
Rashed Mahmood ◽  
W.~Richard Leaitch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Radiative Effects ◽  
Low Clouds ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cloud Droplet Number Concentration

Abstract. Low clouds persist in the summer Arctic with important consequences for the radiation budget. In this study, we simulate the linear relationship between liquid water content (LWC) and cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) observed during an aircraft campaign based out of Resolute Bay, Canada conducted as part of the NETCARE study in July 2014. Using a single column model, we find that autoconversion can explain the observed linear relationship between LWC and CDNC. Of the three schemes we examined, the autoconversion scheme using continuous drizzle (Khairoutdinov and Kogan, 2000) appears to best reproduce the observed linearity in the tenuous-cloud regime (Mauritsen et al., 2011), while a scheme with a threshold for rain (Liu and Daum, 2004) best reproduces the linearity at higher CDNC. An offline version of the radiative transfer model used in the Canadian Atmospheric Model version 4.3 is used to compare the radiative effects of the modelled and observed clouds. We find that there is no significant difference in the upward longwave fluxes at the top of the atmosphere from the three autoconversion schemes (p = 0.05), but that all three schemes differ at p = 0.05 from the calculations based on observations. In contrast, the downward longwave and shortwave fluxes at the surface for all three schemes do not differ significantly (p = 0.01) from the observation-based radiative calculations.

scholarly journals Proof of Concept: Development of Snow Liquid Water Content Profiler Using CS650 Reflectometers at Caribou, ME, USA

Sensors ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Pérez Díaz ◽  
Jonathan Muñoz ◽  
Tarendra Lakhankar ◽  
Reza Khanbilvardi ◽  
Peter Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Concept Development ◽  
Proof Of Concept

Field Measurement of the Liquid-Water Content of Snow

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (95) ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Field Measurement ◽  
Solution Method ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Field Trials

Abstract Field trials show that the liquid-water content of snow can be determined simply and cheaply by a version of Bader’s solution method.

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