scholarly journals Potencial uso das informações de chuvas obtidas por sensoriamento remoto na análise não paramétrica de eventos extremos na bacia do rio Madeira

Revista DAE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (231) ◽  
pp. 110-123
Author(s):  
Vinicius Alexandre Sikora de Souza ◽  
Daniel Medeiros Moreira ◽  
Otto Corrêa Rotunno Filho ◽  
Anderson Paulo Rudke ◽  
Claudia Daza Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Hazards ◽  
Rio Madeira

O trabalho se propõe a avaliar o emprego de dados satelitais do tipo Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) para a geração de curvas de intensidade-duração-frequência (IDF) na bacia do rio Madeira. Curvas IDF foram geradas simultaneamente para dados observados em 37 pluviômetros distribuídos na bacia e para os píxeis do CHIRPS que abrangem geograficamente essas estações observacionais in situ. Inicialmente, os dados foram analisados mediante o ajuste da distribuição de Gumbel para períodos de retorno que se estendem de 2 a 100 anos e duração da chuva de 5 minutos a 24 horas. Na validação das equações IDF, utilizou-se o coeficiente de determinação da regressão (r²) e avaliaram-se os resíduos produzidos. Observa-se que as equações obtidas pelo estudo apresentam uma vasta aplicabilidade em obras de engenharia e, em especial, em atividades que requeiram suporte hidrológico devido à diversidade de durações e de tempos de recorrência utilizados. Além disso, a análise de erros e a estimava dos coeficientes de determinação das funções IDF, que estiveram próximos de 0,70, ressaltam o uso das mesmas na representação dos eventos extremos. A comparação das bases de dados observacionais e de satélite permitiu estabelecer a confiabilidade do uso de dados do satélite CHIRPS na construção de relações IDF para situações em que não se dispõe de informações pluviométricas locais, embora as discrepâncias entre as bases tendam a aumentar e a ser diretamente proporcionais ao período de retorno. Palavras-chave: Eventos extremos de chuva. Precipitação máxima. Curva IDF Sensoriamento remoto.

scholarly journals Variabilité saisonnière et intra-saisonnière de la pluviométrie en milieu forestier dans le Sud-ouest centrafricain

2021 ◽  
Vol 384 ◽  
pp. 367-373
Author(s):  
Jean-Marie Djebata ◽  
Cyriaque R. Nguimalet ◽  
Pierre Camberlin
Keyword(s):  
Station Data ◽  
Contrôle De Qualité ◽  
Base De Données ◽  
Climate Hazards

Abstract. Ce travail présente la variabilité intra-saisonnière de la pluviométrie dans le Sud-ouest centrafricain. Les données pluviométriques journalières utilisées couvrent la période 1981–2017. Elles ont été extraites aux points de grilles les plus proches des quatre stations représentatives de la zone d'étude (Bangui, Berberati, Boukoko et Nola) sur la base de données CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data). Un contrôle de qualité de ces données a été effectué à partir d'une inter-comparaison entre les produits d'estimations et les données in-situ sur différentes sous-périodes : 1998–2011 à Nola, 1998–2012 à Berberati, 1998–2014 à Bangui et 2002–2017 à Boukoko. Le coefficient de corrélation entre les données CHIRPS et les observations au pas annuel est faible à Bangui (r=0,46), moyen à Nola (r=0,57) et Berberati (r=0,60), et bon à Boukoko (r=0,73). Les dates de début de la saison de pluies varient entre le 13 février et le 2 avril et celles de fin entre le 31 octobre et le 4 décembre. Des épisodes secs et humides sont mis en évidence dans le Sud-ouest centrafricain. A Bangui et Berberati, la période du 15 au 22 mai 1999 a été sèche soit 23 jours sans pluie. A Boukoko et Nola, la période du 26 juin au 24 juillet de la même année était caractérisée par des épisodes secs. Ces résultats établissent que la répartition intra-saisonnière des pluies n'est pas uniforme dans le Sud-ouest centrafricain.

Rendez vous with Saturn's rings

1984 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 743-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry T. Nock
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Low Thrust ◽  
Ring Plane ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Total Impulse ◽  
Saturn's Rings

ABSTRACTA mission to rendezvous with the rings of Saturn is studied with regard to science rationale and instrumentation and engineering feasibility and design. Future detailedin situexploration of the rings of Saturn will require spacecraft systems with enormous propulsive capability. NASA is currently studying the critical technologies for just such a system, called Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP). Electric propulsion is the only technology which can effectively provide the required total impulse for this demanding mission. Furthermore, the power source must be nuclear because the solar energy reaching Saturn is only 1% of that at the Earth. An important aspect of this mission is the ability of the low thrust propulsion system to continuously boost the spacecraft above the ring plane as it spirals in toward Saturn, thus enabling scientific measurements of ring particles from only a few kilometers.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

Structural Studies on Mitotic Spindle Fibres

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-626
Author(s):  
J.R. Mcintosh
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
Mitotic Apparatus ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
Medical Interest ◽  
Spindle Fibres

The mitotic apparatus is a structure of obvious biological and medical interest, but it has proved to be a difficult cellular machine to understand. The chemical composition of the spindle is only slightly elucidated, largely because of the difficulties in preparing useful isolates of the structure. Chemical studies of the mitotic spindle have been reviewed elsewhere (Mcintosh, 1977), and will not be discussed further here. One would think that structural studies on the mitotic apparatus (MA) in situ would be straightforward, but even with this approach there is some disagreement in the results obtained with various methods and by different investigators. In this paper I will review briefly the approaches which have been used in structural studies of the MA, pointing out the strengths and problems of each approach. I will summarize the principal findings of the different methods, and identify what seem to be fruitful avenues for further work.

Electron Probe Analysis of Muscle

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 398-401
Author(s):  
A. V. Somlyo ◽  
H. Shuman ◽  
A. P. Somlyo
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Frog Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Electron Probe Analysis ◽  
Probe Analysis

Electron probe analysis of frozen dried cryosections of frog skeletal muscle, rabbit vascular smooth muscle and of isolated, hyperpermeab1 e rabbit cardiac myocytes has been used to determine the composition of the cytoplasm and organelles in the resting state as well as during contraction. The concentration of elements within the organelles reflects the permeabilities of the organelle membranes to the cytoplasmic ions as well as binding sites. The measurements of [Ca] in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and mitochondria at rest and during contraction, have direct bearing on their role as release and/or storage sites for Ca in situ.

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