Economic modeling of touristic services demand in the regions

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
Ivan Blahun ◽  
Halyna Leshchuk ◽  
Mariya Kyfor
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Economic Modeling ◽  
Tourism Demand ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Tourism Services ◽  
Income Decile

Considering the important role of tourism in the socio-economic development of regions, the need for information and modeling of ways to increase demand for tourism services and tourism development is being updated. The article uses methods of analytical, logical, comparative analysis and systematic approach to study trends in demand for tourist services in Ukraine. Econometric modeling analyzes the demand for tourism services by the level of income and expenditures of the population in 2018. Trends in demand for tourism services in 2018 in terms of income and expenditure of the population with the use of the Tornquist econometric model have been analyzed. It is proposed to use the decile groups of the population for analyzing income and expenditure by the level of income, total income per capita, the level of household expenditure relative to income, the percentage of tourism expenditure by households, the expenditure on tourism and the elasticity of tourism demand. Average values of the population’s expenditures on tourism were established, which helped to determine the elasticity of effective demand for each decile group. The more than one unit of elasticity of effective tourism demand for each decile group indicated that tourism services for domestic households belong to the group of luxury goods and services. It should be noted that in the following decile income groups of households there is a decrease in elasticity. It means that when income tends to increase indefinitely, elasticity coefficients fall, and this indicates a stabilization of costs of this type. In this case, the percentage of households in each decile group that recorded the costs of organized tourism in their budgets and the value of the probability of household participation in this form of recreation was determined based on an estimated probability model. An analysis of the values of income elasticity indicators in each income decile group has shown that increasing household incomes contribute to increased demand for tourism services and an increase in the share of expenditures for these purposes in household budgets.

scholarly journals The role of automatic stabilizers and emergency tax–benefit policies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Xavier Jara ◽  
Lourdes Montesdeoca ◽  
Iva Tasseva
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Economic Shocks ◽  
New Family ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Household Disposable Income ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Income Decile

This paper makes use of tax–benefit microsimulation techniques to quantify the distributional effects of COVID-19 in Ecuador and the role of tax–benefit policies in mitigating the immediate impact of the economic shocks. Our results show a dramatic increase in income poverty and inequality between December 2019 and June 2020. The poverty rate, measured with the national poverty line, goes up from 25.7 to 58.2 per cent over this period and extreme poverty increases from 9.2 to 38.6 per cent. Inequality measured by the Gini coefficient increases substantially from 0.461 to 0.592. On average, household disposable income drops by 41 per cent. The new Family Protection Grant provides income protection for the poorest income decile. However, overall tax–benefit policies do little to mitigate the losses in household incomes due to the pandemic.

New Insights into the Role of Personal Income on International Tourism

2020 ◽  
pp. 004728752090770
Author(s):  
Aon Waqas-Awan ◽  
Jaume Rosselló-Nadal ◽  
Maria Santana-Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Income Elasticity ◽  
High Income ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tourism Demand ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Tourism Flows ◽  
Yearly Data

This study aims to investigate the role of personal income in the income elasticity of tourism demand and, more specifically, the hypothesis that the richest and poorest individuals both tend to react less to changes in income than middle-class individuals, who tend to be more sensitive. To that end, this study applies different strategies within the context of a gravity model, using yearly data from 1995 to 2016 and bilateral tourism flows between 192 countries. Results show that income elasticity is determined to a significant extent by per capita income in the origin country and they confirm the inverted-U relationship between income elasticity and personal income. The study indicates that middle-income countries are more elastic than low- and high-income ones, while high-income countries display an inelastic or nonsignificant relationship.

Participation in Tourism Consumption and the Intensity of Participation: An Analysis of Their Socio-Demographic and Economic Determinants

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Alegre ◽  
Sara Mateo ◽  
Llorenç Pou
Keyword(s):  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Tourism Demand ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Habit Persistence ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Participation Decision ◽  
Tourism Services ◽  
Corner Solutions

Unlike other goods, tourism services are not consumed by a significant percentage of households. Thus, knowledge of aggregate tourism demand hinges on the determinants of corner solutions at the microeconomic level. Furthermore, with regard to those households that consume tourism, their travel frequency patterns in the year need not be the same. This paper uses household microdata to examine the socio-demographic and economic determinants of both decisions: holiday participation and the intensity of participation in the year conditional on participation. The results highlight the relevance in tourism demand analyses of distinguishing between both decisions. In fact, many socio-demographic variables show only explanatory power for the participation decision. The two key factors in explaining both decisions are the previous year's tourism participation pattern, suggesting evidence of habit persistence, and income, although with an income elasticity below unity.

scholarly journals The Role of Older People as Consumers - the Comparative Analysis of Old and New Member States of European Union

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-101
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bałandynowicz – Panfil
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Older People ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Member States ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Dynamics Of Population ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Tourism Services

The aim of this paper is to investigate differences between the role of older people as consumers of goods and services in Old and New Member States of European Union. An ageing of society process causes changes in the structure of consumers of goods and services, in size and age respectively and therefore should be comprehensively considered. The consequences of an ageing process have been illustrated with an example of the tourism market. To reach the goal of this paper statistical analysis has been carried out, particularly in order to examine the differences between EU New and Old Member States2 with respect to dynamics of population ageing and characteristics of older customers. Most of the recent scientific literature considering the specific influence of demographic processes on customers behaviour has been reviewed. The key findings prove that an ageing of societies process is significant for each European country. However EU-12 societies are generally younger in comparison to EU-15. On the other hand EU-12 societies are exposed to higher risk of rising dynamics of demographic changes. In a consequence, the increasing role of older people as customers brings also essential changes in relation between supply and demand on each markets. What is highly important, older customers needs are evolving due to their increasing purchasing power, higher education level and better consumers awareness. For instance, these relationships can be observed on tourism services markets where older people are becoming a significant and more attractive group of consumers, due to the level of their tourism expenditures. Moreover, the study described clearly considerable differences between older customers behaviour in EU Old and New Member States: in the purchase frequency of tourism services, in the length of holiday trips and in the level of expenditures. In the subsequent years, a higher homogenisation of purchasing habits of older people in European countries is expected. This paper contributes to the most current European scientific discussions on an importance of older people for a development of economies from the perspective of their impact on goods and services markets. Furthermore, especially in a context of insufficient optimization of companies strategies, which are still directed to a shrinking group of young buyers and the lack of knowledge about changing needs of older customers need to be highlighted and analyzed to bring new solutions for producers, retailers and whole markets.

The role of standardization as a key Tool of Quality Economics in the development of integration of the Eurasian Economic Union

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
V. V. Okrepilov ◽  
A. G. Gridasov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Member States ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Union

The presented study examines the experience of forming a regulatory framework for the integration of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) member states through the example of standardization as one of the key tools of quality economics.Aim. The study analyzes the major solutions of the EAEU authorities and member countries aimed at increasing the role of standardization in the economic integration of the Union over five years of its existence.Tasks. The authors identify efficient methods for developing standardization for the integration of the EAEU states as well as the most problematic aspects in this field that need to be taken into account in the qualitative strengthening of the Union’s economy.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to examine the activities of the EAEU authorities and member states aimed at creating a system for the economic integration of the Union during a period of its transition from separate national markets towards a single (common) market.Results. Over five years of operation in the field of stadardization, the Eurasian Economic Union has created the necessary organizational and legal framework to ensure the successful development of integration processes. The national legislation on standardization has been modernized with allowance for the harmonization of these laws. In the next five-six years, the development of international standards for 40 technical regulations is expected to be completed, which would create a regulatory framework for unhindered interaction between all participants of the single (common) EAEU market. Conclusions. The analysis of activities in the field of standardization reveals a sufficiently thought-out and coordinated policy of the EAEU states in creating the necessary conditions for overcoming legal and administrative barriers in the movement of goods and services within the common economic space of the EAEU.

Management of Pleural Effusions in the Emergency Department.

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
MT Congedo ◽  
GM Ferretti ◽  
D Nachira ◽  
MA Pennisi
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Acute Chest Pain ◽  
Pleural Effusions ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Massive Pleural Effusion ◽  
Emergency Department Setting ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Definitive Management

Background: In symptomatic patients, admitted in emergency department for acute chest pain and dyspnea, who require an urgent treatment, a rapid diagnosis and prompt management of massive pleural effusion or hemothorax can be lifesaving. The aim of this review was to summarize the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the management of the main types of pleural effusions that physicians can have in an emergency department setting. Methods: Current literature about the topic was reviewed and critically reported, adding the experience of the authors in the management of pleural effusions in emergency settings. Results: The paper analyzed the main types of pleural effusions that physicians can have to treat. It illustrated the diagnostic steps by the principal radiological instruments, with a particular emphasis to the role of ultrasonography, in facilitating diagnosis and guiding invasive procedures. Then, the principal procedures, like thoracentesis and insertion of small and large bore chest drains, are indicated and illustrated according to the characteristics and the amount of the effusion and patient clinical conditions. Conclusion: The emergency physician must have a systematic approach that allows rapid recognition, clinical cause identification and definitive management of potential urgent pleural effusions.

Aesthetics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael N. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
German Romanticism ◽  
Philosophy Of Literature ◽  
Aesthetic Values

Aesthetics, or the philosophy of literature and art, was one of Herder’s main focuses. By valorizing these areas of culture (in comparison with others such as science and religion) and in several other ways he prepared the ground for German Romanticism. He also established many principles of great intrinsic importance: rejecting apriorism and systematization in aesthetics in favor of an empirical, non-systematic approach; insisting that arts such as sculpture and painting express meanings and therefore require interpretation; recognizing the central role of genre not only in literature but also in such arts; perceiving the deep historical, cultural, and even individual variability of literature and art in respect of semantic content, genre, moral values, and aesthetic values, plus the major implications this variability has for both interpretation and evaluation; developing a set of radical views concerning beauty; and emphasizing the importance of literature and art as means of moral pedagogy.

scholarly journals Balancing the formal and the informal in user-centred design

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D Harrison ◽  
Paolo Masci ◽  
José Creissac Campos
Keyword(s):  
Formal Methods ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Interactive Systems ◽  
User Evaluation ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
User Centred Design ◽  
Early Design Stages ◽  
Cooperative Evaluation

Abstract This paper explores the role of formal methods as part of the user-centred design of interactive systems. An iterative process is described, developing prototypes incrementally, proving user-centred requirements while at the same time evaluating the prototypes that are executable forms of the developed models using ‘traditional’ techniques for user evaluation. A formal analysis complements user evaluations. This approach enriches user-centred design that typically focuses understanding on context and producing sketch designs. These sketches are often non-functional (e.g. paper) prototypes. They provide a means of exploring candidate design possibilities using techniques such as cooperative evaluation. This paper describes a further step in the process using formal analysis techniques. The use of formal methods provides a systematic approach to checking plausibility and consistency during early design stages, while at the same time enabling the generation of executable prototypes. The technique is illustrated through an example based on a pill dispenser.

scholarly journals Saving energy in residential buildings: the role of energy pricing

2021 ◽  
Vol 167 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Ewald ◽  
Thomas Sterner ◽  
Eoin Ó Broin ◽  
Érika Mata
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Residential Energy ◽  
Residential Energy Demand ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Zero Carbon

AbstractA zero-carbon society requires dramatic change everywhere including in buildings, a large and politically sensitive sector. Technical possibilities exist but implementation is slow. Policies include many hard-to-evaluate regulations and may suffer from rebound mechanisms. We use dynamic econometric analysis of European macro data for the period 1990–2018 to systematically examine the importance of changes in energy prices and income on residential energy demand. We find a long-run price elasticity of −0.5. The total long-run income elasticity is around 0.9, but if we control for the increase in income that goes towards larger homes and other factors, the income elasticity is 0.2. These findings have practical implications for climate policy and the EU buildings and energy policy framework.

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