The Impact of Hypoglycemia on Productivity Loss and Utility in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Treated with Insulin in Real-World Canadian Practice: Protocol for a Prospective Study (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) imposes a significant burden, with its increasing prevalence and life-threatening complications. In patients not achieving glycemic targets on oral antidiabetic drugs, initiation of insulin is recommended. However, a serious concern about insulin is drug-induced hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is known to affect quality of life and healthcare resource utilization. However, health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) data for economic modeling are limited, particularly in terms of utility values and productivity losses. OBJECTIVE The aim of this real-world prospective study is to assess the impact of hypoglycemia on productivity and utility in insulin-treated T2DM adults from Ontario and Quebec (Canada). METHODS This noninterventional, multicenter, 3-month prospective study will recruit patients from four medical clinics and two endocrinology/diabetes clinics. Patients will be identified using appointment lists, and enrolled through consecutive sampling during routinely scheduled consultations. To be eligible, patients must be ≥18 years of age, diagnosed with T2DM, and treated with insulin. Utility and productivity will be collected using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire and the iMTA Productivity Cost Questionnaire (iPCQ), respectively. Questionnaires will be completed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after recruitment. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) models will be used to investigate productivity losses and utility decrements associated with incident hypoglycemic events while controlling for individual patient characteristics. A total of 500 patients will be enrolled to ensure precision of HEOR estimates. RESULTS This study is designed to fill a gap in the Canadian evidence on the impact of hypoglycemia on HEOR outcomes. More specifically, it will generate productivity and utility inputs for economic modeling in T2DM. CONCLUSIONS Insulin therapies are expensive, and hypoglycemia is a significant component of economic evaluations. Robust HEOR data may help health technology assessment (HTA) agencies in future reimbursement decision making.

Defending De-idealization in Economic Modeling: A Case Study

This paper defends the viability of de-idealization strategies in economic modeling against recent criticism. De-idealization occurs when an idealized assumption of a theoretical model is replaced with a more realistic one. Recently, some scholars have raised objections against the possibility or fruitfulness of de-idealizing economic models, suggesting that economists do not employ this kind of strategy. We present a detailed case study from the theory of industrial organization, discussing three different models, two of which can be construed as de-idealized versions of the first (the so-called Bertrand model of oligopoly). We conclude that recent pessimism about de-idealization in economics is largely unfounded, and that de-idealization strategies are not only possible but also widely employed in economics.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND FORECASTING OF FOOD PRODUCTION USING ECONOMIC DESCRIPTION MODELING METHODS

The article considers the financial programs used by the state to support food production based on the use of methods of economic descriptive modeling. It is established that the interpretation of the essence and strategy of financing in practice has quite different approaches. It has been proven that the formation of an effective system of financing food production involves the relationship and effective redistribution between different sources of financial resources. It is substantiated that agriculture has all the prerequisites for productivity growth provided that investment in the Ukrainian agricultural sector increases and effective budget financing. In this regard, the features of food production based on the use of descriptive modeling capabilities using the software package Statgraphics XVII Centurion. Because of the analysis, it is established that the main parametric criterion, which depends on the level of food production in the country as a whole and individual regions, determines the indicator of agricultural production, quantitative parameters of which are taken as a basis for calculating self-sufficiency, import coverage, calories, consumption, profitability and others. Estimation of this indicator by means of modeling allowed to make the forecast of dynamics of change of its volumes for the next twelve time periods for the purpose of preliminary definition of level of food production. For this purpose, the economic and mathematical tools of estimation of forecast dynamics of change of volumes of agricultural production for the future periods are used. Modeling of the indicator of agricultural production per person per year was carried out by research on the normality of distribution using Kolmogorov —Smirnov, Anderson — Darling compliance tests and a modified Kolmogorov — Smirnov test. According to the results of comparative analysis of seventeen different models and five compliance tests, it was found that most of the statistical tests are quadratic model, based on which the projected volumes of agricultural production per person per year and calculated for each forecast year (period) with a reliability of 95% lower and upper limits of the studied indicator. It is established that by 2030 in Ukraine with a high probability the growth trend of agricultural production will continue, and at a high rate. The article outlines the benefits of using economic modeling methods in the study of a particular problem. Keywords: financial programs, financial support, food production, forecasting methods, economic modeling, national economy. JEL Classification B41, C33, C53, G32, E62 Formulas: 0; fig.: 6; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 42.

ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ УЗБЕКИСТАНУ: РОЗВИТОК ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА

The article examines the factors that determine the strategic efficiency of industrial enterprises, the criteria and ways of investment support for their sustainable development. The purpose of the study is to analyze the factors of sustainable development of an industrial enterprise based on increasing its innovative potential in Uzbekistan. The study used the methodology of logical, historical, statistical and comparative analysis, methods of expert assessments, economic modeling, a method for assessing the reliability of qualitative and quantitative statistical indicators. The main hypothesis of the study was the assumption that with the intensive transformation of innovation into a determining factor of sustainable development, an effective means of increasing the competitiveness of an industrial enterprise is the use of innovative potential. Presentation of the main material. The sustainable development of the enterprise is ensured by the possibilities of accumulating resources in the innovation sphere, their rational use within the framework of the selected priorities, that is, by increasing the innovative potential. The practical significance of the work lies in the application by the executive authorities of the research results when drawing up medium-term and long-term programs for the socio-economic development of regions. Conclusions and prospects for further research. The modern model of sustainable development of enterprises presupposes the systemic integration of the scientific and technical sphere into the processes of economic and social development. Proposals for ensuring sustainable development based on increasing the innovative potential in practice will make it possible to reasonably revise the strategic guidelines of an industrial enterprise and increase its sustainability, expressed in a change in the level of innovative potential.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ІННОВАЦІЯМИ ЯК ФАКТОР РОЗВИТКУ ГАЛУЗЕЙ ЕКОНОМІКИ УЗБЕКИСТАНУ

This article examines the role of investment and innovation in ensuring stable macroeconomic growth and the main directions of the state investment strategy of Uzbekistan. The purpose of the study is to analyze investments and innovations as a factor in the development of sectors of the economy of Uzbekistan. The study used the methodology of logical, historical, statistical and comparative analysis, methods of expert assessments, economic modeling, a method for assessing the reliability of qualitative and quantitative statistical indicators. The main hypothesis of the study was the assumption that without innovation, capital investments may be ineffective and even harmful, prolonging the future production of uncompetitive products. Presentation of the main material. The national aspect of sustainable development for the Republic of Uzbekistan is determined, first of all, by its formation as a sovereign state, the need for the fastest way out of socio-economic difficulties and environmental tension, raising the standard of living of the population, entering the world community, maintaining good-neighborly relations with other countries of the world and mutually beneficial cooperation. The practical significance of the work lies in the application by the executive authorities of the research results when drawing up medium-term and long-term programs for the socio-economic development of Uzbekistan. Conclusions and prospects for further research. The main directions of the state investment strategy can be formulated as follows: pursuing a targeted policy to deepen structural reforms; comprehensive support of priority industries in order to ensure the high competitiveness of domestic products in the domestic and world markets

Digitalization and Migration: Aspects of Interaction

Digitalization has radically changed and penetrated various economic sectors, completely changing the traditional foundations of the global labor market. Changes in information and communications technology have triggered a wave of new processes and products, driving competition and productivity gains, leading to the emergence of digital work platforms – a new way of organizing work and business. In turn, these trends have influenced the migration processes in the world, and this article is aimed at studying aspects of the reorganization of labor migration within the framework of this transformation. Based on the data of economic modeling, it was determined that the greatest statistically significant effect is exerted by variables in activity in the Internet space, the development of a mobile network, the development of social networks, and digital work platforms that provide access to income as a result of digital labor are also significant.