Ineffectiveness of covert rehearsal with tones

Deficiencies in disabled readers’ short-term memory processing were studied. A deficit in memory capacity versus susceptibility to interference was investigated by examining performance over trials. A mediation versus production deficiency in memory processing was examined by testing the effect of instructions for rehearsal on performance of average and disabled readers in Grades 2 and 5. Contrary to prior research, facilitative effects of rehearsal instructions on second graders’ memory were found only on Trial 1. Fifth graders’ memory was adversely affected by overt rehearsal. Requiring children to rehearse overtly at a set rate may account for the results. A second study examined effects of covert rehearsal on the memory of average and disabled readers in Grade 2 over trials. Facilitative effects of covert rehearsal were shown when data of children who spontaneously rehearsed were removed. A deficiency in production by second graders was supported. Disabled readers who did not rehearse were more susceptible to interference.

Covert Rehearsal

Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning ◽

10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_3684 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 828-828 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Covert Rehearsal

Movement Retrieval from Long-Term Memory: Physical versus Mental Rehearsal

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1987.65.2.603 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 603-612 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Susan L. Puretz

Keyword(s):

Original Learning ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Mental Rehearsal ◽

Dance Movement ◽

Term Memory ◽

Covert Rehearsal ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Rehearsal Strategies ◽

Dance Movements

Despite references in the psychomotor literature regarding the use of rehearsal strategies in recovering movements from longer term memory, no significant difference between physical (overt) and mental (covert) rehearsal strategies for retrieving a complex dance movement over 30 min., 2 days, and 1 wk. were observed for 72 college women in beginning dance classes. Further, no rehearsal was as effective as either physical or mental rehearsal for retrieving dance movements for up to 1 wk. after original learning by these inexperienced dancers. The findings raise the possibility that other forms of retrieval than those already proposed are used to recover complex dance movements from longer term memory.

Rehearsal of Kinesthetic Information in Motor Short-Term Memory

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1976.42.1.99 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 99-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John L. Craft

Keyword(s):

Short Term Memory ◽

Verbal Information ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Motor Movement ◽

Covert Rehearsal ◽

Kinesthetic Information

Rehearsal of kinesthetic information in motor short-term memory was investigated using a sequential motor movement task. In Exp. 1, the subjects executed 3 blind linear movements and recalled one of them. In Exp. 2, the subjects executed 3 movements while receiving visual and/or verbal information regarding the extent of movement and then recalled one of them. Results indicated that the availability of visual and/or verbal information for covert rehearsal is sufficient to maintain movement extent information in short-term memory but that availability of kinesthetic information alone for covert rehearsal is not.

Effect of Coding Strategies on Movement Extent as a Function of Cognitive Style

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1986.63.3.1311 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 1311-1317 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mark H. Anshel ◽

Melchor Ortiz

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Style ◽

Learning Style ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Delayed Recall ◽

Covert Rehearsal ◽

Predicting Performance ◽

Coding Strategies ◽

High Prediction ◽

Target Locations

Learners differ as to the manner in which they perceive, encode, and store information. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of subjects' predetermined learning (cognitive) style on ability to replicate target locations in a task requiring extent of movement. Subjects were assessed as having one of three cognitive styles, verbal, visual, and tactual. They used three different coding strategies prior to reproducing three sets of three targets and a control (no coding) condition. One coding technique was designed to be compatible with the subject's cognitive style. Multiple regression analyses for absolute error indicated moderate to high prediction of performance using a covert rehearsal technique in a manner similar to each subject's perferred learning style for both immediate and delayed recall. However, predicting performance for the direction of error (CE) was relatively low.

Short-term recall as a function of covert rehearsal and of intervening task

Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior ◽

10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80077-x ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 196-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Neal E.A. Kroll ◽

M.H. Kellicutt

Keyword(s):

Short Term ◽

Covert Rehearsal

Motivation and Short-Term Retention: Evidence for Covert Rehearsal

The American Journal of Psychology ◽

10.2307/1420612 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 111 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Roger M. Tarpy ◽

Sam Glucksberg ◽

Loy D. Lytle

Keyword(s):

Short Term ◽

Term Retention ◽

Covert Rehearsal

Covert rehearsal of tones.

Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition ◽

10.1037/0278-7393.21.1.185 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 185-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zehra F. Peynircioğlu

Keyword(s):

Covert Rehearsal

Motivational Factors in Short-Term Retention: II. Rehearsal or Arousal?

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1967.20.3c.1203 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 20 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1203-1208 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Bernard Weiner

Keyword(s):

Initial Study ◽

Stimulus Onset ◽

Motivational Factors ◽

Shock Avoidance ◽

Short Term ◽

Immediate Recall ◽

Term Retention ◽

Covert Rehearsal ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Two experiments which investigate the effects of motivation on memory are reported. In the initial study it was demonstrated that recall instrumental to shock avoidance enhances short-term retention. By varying the difficulty of the task interpolated between stimulus onset and recall it was established that the augmented recall is not mediated by covert rehearsal. In Exp. II the motivational information (arousal) occurred at 1, 3, or 5 sec. after stimulus and response offset. Arousal after the stimulus and response terms facilitated immediate recall, although there were no significant differences in retention as a function of the time of the motivational input. The effects of arousal on retention and the relationship of motivation to trace storage and trace retrieval were discussed.

Relaxation Covert Rehearsal for Adaptive Functioning in Fourth-Grade Children

Psychology and Human Development an international journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.6320 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 113-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sheila Fling ◽

Patricia Black

Keyword(s):

Language Arts ◽

Relaxation Training ◽

Adaptive Functioning ◽

Fourth Graders ◽

Waiting List ◽

Parent Ratings ◽

Covert Rehearsal ◽

Before And After ◽

Training Evaluations ◽

Story Listening

In a sample of 162 fourth graders, 62 of the 70 most active and problematic—as identified by teacher ratings—were randomly assigned to relaxation/covert rehearsal, story listening, and waiting list groups. Children were evaluated before and after a 6-week treatment of 2 group sessions per week and again 4 months later, after the waiting list had also received relaxation/covert rehearsal training. Evaluations included teacher and parent ratings on the Abbreviated Behavior Scale–Form B and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory; grades in mathematics, reading, spelling, and language arts; a spelling achievement test; and "blind" classroom observations and electromyographic measures. Little significant evidence was obtained for the efficacy of group relaxation/covert rehearsal, or story listening in improving adaptive functioning. Previous reports of more positive results with children's relaxation training may be spurious owing to the use of less rigorous controls.