coding strategies
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2022 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 107989
Author(s):  
Frederick A.A. Kingdom ◽  
Jenny C.A. Read ◽  
Paul B. Hibbard ◽  
Keith A. May

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0261702
Author(s):  
Michael W. Reimann ◽  
Henri Riihimäki ◽  
Jason P. Smith ◽  
Jānis Lazovskis ◽  
Christoph Pokorny ◽  
...  

In motor-related brain regions, movement intention has been successfully decoded from in-vivo spike train by isolating a lower-dimension manifold that the high-dimensional spiking activity is constrained to. The mechanism enforcing this constraint remains unclear, although it has been hypothesized to be implemented by the connectivity of the sampled neurons. We test this idea and explore the interactions between local synaptic connectivity and its ability to encode information in a lower dimensional manifold through simulations of a detailed microcircuit model with realistic sources of noise. We confirm that even in isolation such a model can encode the identity of different stimuli in a lower-dimensional space. We then demonstrate that the reliability of the encoding depends on the connectivity between the sampled neurons by specifically sampling populations whose connectivity maximizes certain topological metrics. Finally, we developed an alternative method for determining stimulus identity from the activity of neurons by combining their spike trains with their recurrent connectivity. We found that this method performs better for sampled groups of neurons that perform worse under the classical approach, predicting the possibility of two separate encoding strategies in a single microcircuit.


2022 ◽  
pp. 135406882110606
Author(s):  
Or Tuttnauer ◽  
Gideon Rahat

Intraparty candidate selection methods are the drivers of many topics of interest to political scientists. Their operationalization, however, is made complicated because they tend to involve multiple selectorates that differ in their levels of inclusiveness and centralization and that play various roles within the process. This complexity poses a challenge for large- n comparative studies. Drawing on the Political Parties DataBase Round Two to analyze candidate selection methods in 184 parties from 35 democracies, we highlight the inadequacy of the currently available measures to correctly account for this complexity in large- n studies and offer improvements on this front. Specifically, we propose a continuous measure of inclusiveness that better captures the complexity of candidate selection methods and a new measure of complexity to facilitate future analyses into this feature. We recommend that scholars in other cross-national projects consider adopting similar or improved coding strategies in order to better capture these complexities.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 997-997
Author(s):  
Jessica McLaughlin ◽  
Ashley Taeckens-Seabaugh ◽  
Amy Kennicutt ◽  
Taylor Capellaro

Abstract The unprecedented nature of the coronavirus pandemic created significant socioenvironmental changes for working caregivers who found themselves juggling a new landscape of working and caring. Changes in workplace policy were often intended to accommodate those with caring responsibilities, however, there is little information available on how working female informal caregivers of older adults (defined as individuals age 50 or older) received, interpreted, and experienced those policy changes. Given this, it is necessary to gather a complete picture of workplace policy in the daily lives of working female caregivers during the pandemic. This qualitative study involved interviews held between February and April 2021 via video conferencing technology with 29 working female caregivers, ranging in age from 27 to 75 years old. Using a Role Conflict framework and descriptive, structural, and emotion coding strategies, analysis of written transcripts revealed that, while many caregivers were grateful that their workplaces had become more accommodative during the pandemic, apprehension and uncertainty about the future, both with caregiving and with work, also weighed heavily on many of them. The most positively endorsed workplace policy changes were flexibility in work schedules and the ability to work remotely during the pandemic. This research elucidates policy implications for working female caregivers outside of the pandemic context, as many of these policies enabled caregivers to provide care while working with greater ease.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 116424
Author(s):  
Rahul Mohideen Kaja Mohideen ◽  
Pascal Peter ◽  
Joachim Weickert

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Emilia Tuuri

Abstract This article describes variation in the use of frames of reference (FoRs; object-centred, viewpoint-centred, and geocentric, as in Holistic Spatial Semantics) in Finnish descriptions of motion and connects questions of variation to a typological framework. Recent research has described the choice of FoRs as a process with multiple factors. This complexity and controlling for the main variables posited in the literature create the starting point for the current study that explores factors affecting the choice of FoRs in motion situations and within speakers of the same language. The data were elicited from 50 native speakers of Finnish by using video stimuli. The informants were (mostly) formally educated young adults living in urban surroundings. The analysis reveals considerable variation in individual coding strategies, especially in the inclusion of the speaker’s viewpoint. It also considers variation with respect to different types of trajectories and cross-linguistic differences in the resources of spatial reference.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Oleg V. Kolokolov ◽  
Aleksandr O. Kuznetsov ◽  
Anton S. Machalov ◽  
Alla A. Grigoreva

Objectives to study the effect of ACE and CIS sound coding strategies on sound perception in patients with the cochlear implants system produced by Cochlear Limited. Material and methods. The study included 50 patients taking the rehabilitation course in the Astrakhan branch of the National Medical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngology of the Federal Medico-Biological Agency over the past 5 years (from 2014 to 2019). The group of subjects included children over 7 years old and adults, whose success in rehabilitation made it possible to perform a full range of tests. The patients underwent tonal threshold audiometry and speech audiometry in a free sound field; the results obtained were registered in special MS Excel tables and further analysed using statistical methods. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in hearing thresholds on tonal audiometry when using the coding strategies ACE and CIS, however, differences in speech perception were observed on average by 4.2%. The patients experienced in using hearing aids reported improved speech recognition, with scores varying within 5%. Conclusion. Using a higher-resolution coding strategy can significantly improve speech recognition, while lower-resolution coding is beneficial for patients with digital hearing aid experience.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezekiel Williams ◽  
Alexandre Payeur ◽  
Albert Gidon ◽  
Richard Naud

AbstractThe burst coding hypothesis posits that the occurrence of sudden high-frequency patterns of action potentials constitutes a salient syllable of the neural code. Many neurons, however, do not produce clearly demarcated bursts, an observation invoked to rule out the pervasiveness of this coding scheme across brain areas and cell types. Here we ask how detrimental ambiguous spike patterns, those that are neither clearly bursts nor isolated spikes, are for neuronal information transfer. We addressed this question using information theory and computational simulations. By quantifying how information transmission depends on firing statistics, we found that the information transmitted is not strongly influenced by the presence of clearly demarcated modes in the interspike interval distribution, a feature often used to identify the presence of burst coding. Instead, we found that neurons having unimodal interval distributions were still able to ascribe different meanings to bursts and isolated spikes. In this regime, information transmission depends on dynamical properties of the synapses as well as the length and relative frequency of bursts. Furthermore, we found that common metrics used to quantify burstiness were unable to predict the degree with which bursts could be used to carry information. Our results provide guiding principles for the implementation of coding strategies based on spike-timing patterns, and show that even unimodal firing statistics can be consistent with a bivariate neural code.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astra S Bryant ◽  
Felicitas Ruiz ◽  
Joon Ha Lee ◽  
Elissa A Hallem

Soil-transmitted parasitic nematodes infect approximately one billion people and are a major cause of morbidity worldwide. The infective larvae (iL3s) of these parasites actively search for hosts in a poorly understood, sensory-driven process that requires thermal cues. Here, we describe the neural basis of temperature-driven host seeking in parasitic nematodes using the human threadworm Strongyloides stercoralis. We show that S. stercoralis thermosensation is mediated by the AFD neurons, a thermosensory neuron class that is conserved between parasitic and free-living nematodes. We demonstrate that S. stercoralis AFD displays parasite-specific adaptations that enable both nonlinear and linear encoding of temperatures up to human body temperature. Furthermore, we describe a novel thermosensory behavior in which S. stercoralis iL3s generate spontaneous reversals of temperature preference at below-body temperatures. Finally, we identify three thermoreceptors selectively expressed in S. stercoralis AFD that display parasite-specific sensitivities to human body temperatures and likely enable temperature-driven host seeking by iL3s. Our results are the first direct evidence that the sensory neurons of soil-transmitted parasitic nematodes exhibit parasite-specific neural adaptations and sensory coding strategies that allow them to target human hosts, a finding with important implications for efforts to develop new therapeutic strategies for nematode control.


Author(s):  
Yan Su ◽  
Xizhu Xiao

Abstract This study systematically reviewed empirical intermedia agenda setting (IAS) research published between 1997 and 2019 in terms of the level of agenda-setting, the methodologies – including the coding strategies and time-series analytical techniques – the types of media, and the flow of IAS effects. According to our results, previous IAS studies exhibited the following trends: (1) an overwhelming majority of the IAS studies was anchored by the first agenda-setting level, whilst examinations of the NAS model and multiple levels have increased in recent years; (2) excessive IAS studies performed content analyses, (3) applied manual coding strategies, (4) conducted cross-lagged correlation analyses to examine time-series effects, (5) and focused on newspapers and Twitter; (6) most IAS research confirmed the flow from one traditional media to another traditional media, whereas more recent studies also revealed the flow from traditional to emerging media, and their reciprocal relationship; (7) the majority of IAS studies confirmed the elite-to-non-elite flow of IAS effects. Based on these findings, this study encourages futures IAS researchers to attach more importance to (1) contextual diversity, (2) balanced examinations of each agenda-setting level, (3) methodological innovations, (4) technological pluralism, and (5) providing more evidence for the flow of IAS effects across different types of media.


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