scholarly journals Viewing-position effects in the Stroop task: Initial fixation position modulates Stroop effects in fully colored words

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 550-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Perret ◽  
Stéphanie Ducrot
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Fixation Position ◽  
Initial Fixation ◽  
Viewing Position ◽  
Stroop Effects

scholarly journals Letter Visibility and the Optimal Viewing Position Effect of Isolated Connected and Un-Connected Letters in Arabic

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deia Ganayim
Keyword(s):  
Position Effect ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Letter Recognition ◽  
Initial Letter ◽  
Visual Identification ◽  
Initial Fixation ◽  
Optimal Viewing Position ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Viewing Position

Abstract The present study provides a further exploration of the role of Arabic letter visibility as a possible cause of the Optimal Viewing Position (OVP) effect. We used isolated connected and un-connected Arabic letters of different shapes (basic, initial, medial, final) placed at the center of fixation (Experiment 1) and at various possible positions in isolated presentation (Experiment 2). In order to investigate whether performance in the visual identification task is modulated by letter type, we presented each of the isolated connected and un-connected letter targets in each of the eleven stimulus positions across the array to produce a mean RT (ms) for each of the letter types. Using the initial fixation paradigm enabled us to compare reaction times with correctly identified letter targets appearing in the different possible positions. The findings of the present experiments demonstrated that visual letter recognition is influenced by: (i) the isolated letters’ type (connected, un-connected), as connected letters are easier to recognize than un-connected letters; (ii) isolated letters’ shape (basic, initial, medial, final), as medial and final are harder to recognize than basic and initial letter shapes; (iii) visual field, as reading rates were longer for letter stimuli that were presented in LVF compared to RVF; and (iv) eccentricity, as letter reading rates were correlated with their eccentric placement.

An Optimal Viewing Position Effect in the Stroop Task When Only One Letter Is the Color Carrier

2007 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben A. Parris ◽  
Dinkar Sharma ◽  
Brendan Weekes
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Automatic Processing ◽  
Stroop Interference ◽  
Single Letter ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Optimal Viewing Position ◽  
Viewing Position

Abstract. Coloring only a single letter in the Stroop task can result in a reduction or elimination of Stroop interference. The present experiments were designed to test whether this modulation of Stroop interference occurs at all letter positions. Specifically, we investigated whether Stroop interference was reduced when the colored letter occupied the optimal viewing position (OVP). The experiments show that Stroop interference is not reduced at the OVP (Experiment 1) and that Stroop interference at the OVP is significantly greater than at other letter positions (Experiments 1 and 2). This finding has important theoretical and methodological consequences for studies of automatic processing in visual word recognition.

scholarly journals Visual and linguistic determinants of the eyes' initial fixation position in reading development

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Ducrot ◽  
Joël Pynte ◽  
Alain Ghio ◽  
Bernard Lété
Keyword(s):  
Reading Development ◽  
Fixation Position ◽  
Initial Fixation

Information Distribution Within Musical Segments

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoni B. Chan ◽  
Janet H. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Information Distribution ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Asymmetric Effects ◽  
Potential Factor ◽  
Optimal Viewing Position ◽  
Viewing Position

In research on word recognition, it has been shown that word beginnings have higher information content for word identification than word endings; this asymmetric information distribution within words has been argued to be due to the communicative pressure to allow words in speech to be recognized as early as possible. Through entropy analysis using two representative datasets from Wikifonia and the Essen folksong corpus, we show that musical segments also have higher information content (i.e., higher entropy) in segment beginnings than endings. Nevertheless, this asymmetry was not as dramatic as that found within words, and the highest information content was observed in the middle of the segments (i.e., an inverted U pattern). This effect may be because the first and last notes of a musical segment tend to be tonally stable, with more flexibility in the first note for providing the initial context. The asymmetric information distribution within words has been shown to be an important factor accounting for various asymmetric effects in word reading, such as the left-biased preferred viewing location and optimal viewing position effects. Similarly, the asymmetric information distribution within musical segments is a potential factor that can modulate music reading behavior and should not be overlooked.

scholarly journals The loci of Stroop effects: a critical review of methods and evidence for levels of processing contributing to color-word Stroop effects and the implications for the loci of attentional selection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Parris ◽  
Nabil Hasshim ◽  
Michael Wadsley ◽  
Maria Augustinova ◽  
Ludovic Ferrand
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Attentional Selection ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Task Conflict ◽  
Levels Of Processing ◽  
Semantic Conflict ◽  
Informational Conflict ◽  
Response Modes ◽  
Irrelevant Word ◽  
Stroop Effects

AbstractDespite instructions to ignore the irrelevant word in the Stroop task, it robustly influences the time it takes to identify the color, leading to performance decrements (interference) or enhancements (facilitation). The present review addresses two questions: (1) What levels of processing contribute to Stroop effects; and (2) Where does attentional selection occur? The methods that are used in the Stroop literature to measure the candidate varieties of interference and facilitation are critically evaluated and the processing levels that contribute to Stroop effects are discussed. It is concluded that the literature does not provide clear evidence for a distinction between conflicting and facilitating representations at phonological, semantic and response levels (together referred to as informational conflict), because the methods do not currently permit their isolated measurement. In contrast, it is argued that the evidence for task conflict as being distinct from informational conflict is strong and, thus, that there are at least two loci of attentional selection in the Stroop task. Evidence suggests that task conflict occurs earlier, has a different developmental trajectory and is independently controlled which supports the notion of a separate mechanism of attentional selection. The modifying effects of response modes and evidence for Stroop effects at the level of response execution are also discussed. It is argued that multiple studies claiming to have distinguished response and semantic conflict have not done so unambiguously and that models of Stroop task performance need to be modified to more effectively account for the loci of Stroop effects.

Things Can Be Told Apart

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Nett ◽  
Christian Frings
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Stroop Effect ◽  
Spatial Mismatch ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
Distance Effects ◽  
Stroop Effects

A recent finding suggests that people use spatial distances of responses to separate nonspatial information in a simple categorization task like the Stroop task. It was suggested that the larger the distance becomes the easier the categorization will get; indeed, with large distances between response keys a smaller Stroop effect was observed by Lakens and colleagues (2011) as compared with small distances. This is a noteworthy finding albeit the published experiments suffer from two confounds which open the door for explanations of the distance effects in terms of spatial mismatch and recoding strategies. We conceptually replicated the results previously observed without these confounds and confirm the main result of Lakens et al. (2011) in that Stroop effects were significantly smaller if the distance between the response keys increased.

Future challenges to E-Z Reader: Effects of OVP and morphology on processing long and short compounds

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Hyönä ◽  
Raymond Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Fixation Position ◽  
Initial Fixation ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Basic Facts ◽  
The Way

We argue that although E-Z Reader does a good job in simulating many basic facts related to readers' eye movements, two phenomena appear to pose a challenge to the model. The first has to do with word length mediating the way compound words are identified; the second concerns the effects of initial fixation position in a word on eye behavior.

scholarly journals The Foreground Bias: Initial Scene Representations across the Depth Plane

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzette Fernandes ◽  
Monica Castelhano
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Depth Plane ◽  
Fixation Position ◽  
Initial Fixation ◽  
Scene Gist ◽  
Scene Information ◽  
Initial Processing

When you walk into a large room, you perceive visual information that is both close to you in depth and farther in the background. Here, we investigated how initial scene representations are affected by information across depth. We examined the role of background and foreground information on scene gist by using Chimera scenes (images with foreground and background from different scene categories). Across three experiments, we found a Foreground Bias in which foreground information initially had a strong influence on the interpretation of the scene. This bias persisted when the initial fixation position was on the scene background and when the task was changed to emphasize scene information. We conclude that the Foreground Bias arises from initial processing of scenes for understanding and suggests that scene information closer to the observer is initially prioritized. We discuss the implications for theories of scene and depth perception.

scholarly journals Viewing-position effects in meaningless object viewing

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 847
Author(s):  
Lotje van der Linden ◽  
Gregory Zelinsky ◽  
Françoise Vitu
Keyword(s):  
Position Effects ◽  
Viewing Position
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