scholarly journals Attention control in a demanding dynamic time-sharing environment: An eye-tracking study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaakko Kulomäki ◽  
Lauri Oksama ◽  
Esa Rantanen ◽  
Jukka Hyönä
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
Attentional Allocation ◽  
Resource Conflicts ◽  
Priority Order ◽  
Dynamic Time

AbstractIn this study, we examined different models of cognitive control in dynamic time-sharing situations. We investigated attentional allocation by registering participants’ eye movements while they performed a new time-sharing task that forced them to solve resource conflicts between subtasks through prioritization. Participants were monitoring four subtasks each requiring different amounts of visual attention and response frequencies. Participants’ attention allocation was operationalized in terms of the time spent dwelling on subtasks, the rate they visually sampled the tasks, and the duration of dwells. Additionally, the accuracy of responses and efficiency of time-sharing were estimated. In Experiment 1, we studied adaptation to a time-sharing environment in which priority order of the subtasks was kept constant from trial to trial. We found that the participants sampled the most important subtasks more frequently, spent more time on them, and shifted their gaze earlier to them than to less important subtasks. That is, they allocated their attention according to the subtask priorities. In Experiment 2, subtask priorities changed from trial to trial. Despite the higher demands of the constantly changing situation, participants again adapted to the varying priorities of the subtasks almost instantly. Our results suggest that performance in complex and dynamic time-sharing situations is not managed by a system relying on liberal resource allocation policies and gradual learning. Instead, the participants’ rapid adaptation is more consistent with tighter executive and authoritative control and intelligent use of prioritization information.

scholarly journals Resource Allocation for SWIPT Systems with Nonlinear Energy Harvesting Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yifan Hu ◽  
Mingang Liu ◽  
Yizhi Feng
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Time Slot ◽  
Achievable Rate ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Allocation Scheme ◽  
Optimal Resource Allocation ◽  
Optimal Resource ◽  
Resource Allocation Scheme ◽  
Nonlinear Energy

In this paper, we study the resource allocation for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) systems with the nonlinear energy harvesting (EH) model. A simple optimal resource allocation scheme based on the time slot switching is proposed to maximize the average achievable rate for the SWIPT systems. The optimal resource allocation is formulated as a nonconvex optimization problem, which is the combination of a series of nonconvex problems due to the binary feature of the time slot-switching ratio. The optimal problem is then solved by using the time-sharing strong duality theorem and Lagrange dual method. It is found that with the proposed optimal resource allocation scheme, the receiver should perform EH in the region of medium signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), whereas switching to information decoding (ID) is performed when the SNR is larger or smaller. The proposed resource allocation scheme is compared with the traditional time switching (TS) resource allocation scheme for the SWIPT systems with the nonlinear EH model. Numerical results show that the proposed resource allocation scheme significantly improves the system performance in energy efficiency.

On the Training of Time Sharing Skills: An Attention Viewpoint

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gopher
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Voluntary Control ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Processing Resources

Training of time-sharing skills is discussed within an attention framework in which poor time-sharing performance is interpreted to stem from scarcity or inefficient utilization of processing resources. Practice is argued to increase resource availability either by reducing the resource demands of each task, improving coordination, or enhancing the voluntary control on resource allocation. Based on this analysis notions of skill generalizations and implications for the development of training procedures are examined.

Control Theory Measures of Tracking as Indices of Attention Allocation Strategies

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Wickens ◽  
Daniel Gopher
Keyword(s):  
Control Theory ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
System Control ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Adaptive Aiding ◽  
Line Measurement ◽  
Serial Reaction ◽  
On Line ◽  
Allocation Strategies

In an intelligent man-machine control system, control theory measures describing the operator's tracking performance can provide useful information concerning an operator's attentional slate. This information may be used to implement adaptive aiding procedures. Research is reviewed that relates attentional manipulations to variation in control theory parameters, and an experiment is then described in which 29 subjects performed a tracking task alone, and concurrently with a serial reaction-time task. Within the time-sharing condition, relative priorities between the two tasks were manipulated. The results are interpreted in terms of the separate effects of time-sharing and of priority manipulations upon measures of tracking gain, remnant, time-delay and response “holds,” and the feasibility of on-line measurement of those variables.

scholarly journals Changes in alpha activity reveal that social opinion modulates attention allocation during face processing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelien Heyselaar ◽  
Ali Mazaheri ◽  
Peter Hagoort ◽  
Katrien Segaert
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Alpha Activity ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Attentional Allocation ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
The Face

AbstractParticipants’ performance differs when conducting a task in the presence of a secondary individual, moreover the opinion the participant has of this individual also plays a role. Using EEG, we investigated how previous interactions with, and evaluations of, an avatar in virtual reality subsequently influenced attentional allocation to the face of that avatar. We focused on changes in the alpha activity as an index of attentional allocation. We found that the onset of an avatar’s face whom the participant had developed a rapport with induced greater alpha suppression. This suggests greater attentional resources allocated to the interacted-with avatars. The evaluative ratings of the avatar induced a U-shaped change in alpha suppression, such that participants paid most attention when the avatar was rated as average. These results suggest that attentional allocation is thus an important element of how behaviour is altered in the presence of a secondary individual.

Attention Switching vs Attention Sharing in Searching Dual RSVP Streams

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 122-122
Author(s):  
N Prins ◽  
J F Juola
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Zoom Lens ◽  
Response Signal ◽  
Attention Switching ◽  
Attentional Allocation ◽  
Switching Model ◽  
Other Hand

Ideas about how visual attention is distributed over space include spotlight, zoom lens, and various resource allocation models. Spotlight and serial allocation models assume that attention is narrowly focused and switches from one object to another in visual search. Zoom lens and parallel allocation models, on the other hand, describe a flexible gradient within which attention can be shared among several items simultaneously. We report two experiments in which simultaneous rapid serial visual presentations (RSVPs) of two streams of digits were used, one above and one below a fixation point. In experiment 1, subjects were told to report the digit immediately following a uniquely coloured signal digit. In some trial blocks the coloured signal digit always appeared in either the top or bottom stream, and in other blocks the signal digit could occur in either stream. Stream location probabilities were varied between blocks in order to induce strategic variations in attentional allocation. In experiment 2, subjects were told to report the first two digits visible when the fixation point changed colour. Subjects were instructed to report one digit from the top stream and one from the bottom, with report order counterbalanced between blocks. The lag between the response signal and the actual digit reported was shown to vary strongly with signal location probability (experiment 1), and the lag between items reported from the top and bottom streams depended heavily on the order of report (experiment 2). The results were more consistent with an attention-switching model than with an attention-sharing model of visual attention.

Advance in Attention Allocation in Visual Search

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 143-143
Author(s):  
M H Fischer ◽  
A Pollatsek ◽  
K Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Attention Shift ◽  
Directed Attention ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Visual Probe ◽  
Probe Delay ◽  
Detection Response ◽  
The Right

We investigated the allocation of visuo-spatial attention during dynamic viewing with a dual task. The primary search task (K, H, O, or V among Xs) required sequential left-to-right eye movements. An additional manual detection response was made to a visual probe that appeared early or late after the onset of one critical eye fixation (25 or 170 ms probe delay). The probe appeared either to the left, or directly above, or to the right of the currently fixated character (−10, −5, 0, +5, or +10 characters probe eccentricity). As predicted from research with single-eye movement tasks, probe detection became faster near the location of the forthcoming eye fixation, indicating an attention shift to that location. Fixation times increased as a consequence of probing, but less so when the probe appeared in the right compared to the left hemifield. Saccade lengths decreased as a result of probing, but remained largest when the probe appeared at +10 characters. These data support the notion of goal-directed attention shifts prior to eye movements in natural viewing.

A Dynamic Time-Sharing Priority Queue

1971 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igal Adiri
Keyword(s):  
Priority Queue ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Dynamic Time
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