scholarly journals Appetitive conditioning task in a shuttle box and its comparison with the active avoidance paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-372
Author(s):  
Daniil Sergeevich Berezhnoy ◽  
Tatiana Aleksandrovna Zamorina ◽  
Anatoly Nikolaevich Inozemtsev
Keyword(s):  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Appetitive Conditioning ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Avoidance Paradigm

scholarly journals The weakly electric fish, Apteronotus albifrons, actively avoids experimentally induced hypoxia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Mucha ◽  
Lauren J. Chapman ◽  
Rüdiger Krahe
Keyword(s):  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Electric Fish ◽  
Electric Organ ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weakly Electric Fish ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Electric Organ Discharges ◽  
Weakly Electric

AbstractAnthropogenic environmental degradation has led to an increase in the frequency and prevalence of aquatic hypoxia (low dissolved oxygen concentration, DO), which may affect habitat quality for water-breathing fishes. The weakly electric black ghost knifefish, Apteronotus albifrons, is typically found in well-oxygenated freshwater habitats in South America. Using a shuttle-box design, we exposed juvenile A. albifrons to a stepwise decline in DO from normoxia (> 95% air saturation) to extreme hypoxia (10% air saturation) in one compartment and chronic normoxia in the other. On average, A. albifrons actively avoided the hypoxic compartment below 22% air saturation. Hypoxia avoidance was correlated with upregulated swimming activity. Following avoidance, fish regularly ventured back briefly into deep hypoxia. Hypoxia did not affect the frequency of their electric organ discharges. Our results show that A. albifrons is able to sense hypoxia at non-lethal levels and uses active avoidance to mitigate its adverse effects.

Retention of Massed vs Distributed Response-Prevention Treatments in Rats and a Revised Training Procedure

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula J. Martasian ◽  
Nelson F. Smith ◽  
Stephen A. Neill ◽  
Thomas S. Rieg
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Learning ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Response Prevention ◽  
Escape Training ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Avoidance Paradigm ◽  
Avoidance Apparatus

Two experiments were conducted to estimate the retention of response-prevention effects using massed vs distributed treatments in a model of animal avoidance-learning. In Exp. I, 120 rats were trained to avoid shock in a one-way platform avoidance apparatus. Groups received response-prevention treatment or nontreatment in a 36-min. massed session or in several sessions distributed over a four-day period. In Exp. II, 160 rats were given two trials of escape training in a one-way shuttle box. Groups received response-prevention treatment or nontreatment in a 24-min. session of massed or distributed treatments delivered in one day. Subjects in both studies were tested using a passive-avoidance paradigm immediately following treatment, 24 hours later, and 30 days later. Analysis showed that response-prevention treatments were effective in reducing avoidance behavior and there were no significant differences in retention of avoidance associated with massed vs distributed response-prevention treatments. Implications for animals and humans are discussed, and researchers are encouraged to change from a criterion training procedure to an escape procedure since the latter is a closer analogue to the human condition.

Neurons in the central part of dorsal telencephalon (Dc) in zebrafish encode the long-term memory of active avoidance paradigm

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. e183
Author(s):  
Tazu Aoki ◽  
Ryo Aoki ◽  
Masakazu Agetsuma ◽  
Masae Kinoshita ◽  
Hidenori Aizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Avoidance Paradigm ◽  
Dorsal Telencephalon

Effects of Standarized Ginseng Extract on Learning, Memory and Physical Capabilites

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.D. Petkov ◽  
A.H. Mosharrof
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Nootropic Drugs ◽  
Ginseng Extract ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Step Down ◽  
Box Method ◽  
Improved Learning

Standardized ginseng extract (G115, Pharmaton, Lugano) was administered orally at doses of 3,10,30,100 and 300 mg/kg for 10 days as ten rats were used wtih each dose. With the "shuttle-box" method for active avoidance most pronounced effect on learning and memory was obtained by the dose of 10 mg/kg. With the "step-down" method for passive avoidance the dose of 30 mg/kg significantly improved retention. In the staircase maze training with positive (alimentary) reinforcement only the dose of 10 mg/kg significantly improved learning and memory. The dose of 100 mg/kg greatly increased the locomotor activity of mice. The results show that ginseng at appropriate doses improves learning, memory and physical capabilities. Bell-shaped dose-effect curves, reported with other nootropic drugs, were obtained.

scholarly journals A Modified Two-Way Active Avoidance Test for Combined Contextual and Auditory Instrumental Conditioning

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houssein Salah ◽  
Ronza Abdel Rassoul ◽  
Yasser Medlej ◽  
Rita Asdikian ◽  
Helene Hajjar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Instrumental Conditioning ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
White Stripe ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Retention Testing ◽  
Modified Test ◽  
Active Avoidance Test

Available two-way active avoidance paradigms do not provide contextual testing, likely due to challenges in performing repetitive trials of context exposure. To incorporate contextual conditioning in the two-way shuttle box, we contextually modified one of the chambers of a standard two-chamber rat shuttle box with visual cues consisting of objects and black and white stripe patterns. During the 5 training days, electrical foot shocks were delivered every 10 s in the contextually modified chamber but were signaled by a tone in the plain chamber. Shuttling between chambers prevented an incoming foot shock (avoidance) or aborted an ongoing one (escape). During contextual retention testing, rats were allowed to freely roam in the box. During auditory retention testing, visual cues were removed, and tone-signaled shocks were delivered in both chambers. Avoidance gradually replaced escape or freezing behaviors reaching 80% on the last training day in both chambers. Rats spent twice more time in the plain chamber during contextual retention testing and had 90% avoidance rates during auditory retention testing. Our modified test successfully assesses both auditory and contextual two-way active avoidance. By efficiently expanding its array of outcomes, our novel test will complement standard two-way active avoidance in mechanistic studies and will improve its applications in translational research.

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