Assessing Learning and Memory Through the Active Avoidance Paradigm

2012 ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojuan Xu ◽  
Stefan Goetz
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Paradigm

scholarly journals Effects of Pramipexole on Learning and Memory Processes in Naïve and Haloperidol-challenged Rats in Active Avoidance Test

Folia Medica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita S. Mihaylova ◽  
Ilia D. Kostadinov ◽  
Nina D. Doncheva ◽  
Hristina I. Zlatanova ◽  
Delian P. Delev
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Motor Symptoms ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Avoidance Test ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Active Avoidance Test

Abstract Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurode-generative disease, usually detected by its motor symptoms. The non-motor symptoms, including cognitive deficits, have been of great interest to researchers in the last few decades. Aim: To assess the effect of pramipexole on learning and memory in naïve and haloperidol-challenged rats. Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats divided into 9 groups (n=8): naïve - saline, pramipexole 0.5; 1 and 3 mg/kg bw; Haloperidol groups - saline, haloperidol, haloperidol + pramipexole 0.5; 1 and 3 mg/kg bw. Two-way active avoidance test (TWAA) and activity cage were performed. The studied parameters were: number of conditioned and unconditioned responses, vertical and horizontal movements. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 19. Results: The naïve experimental groups significantly increased the number of conditioned responses during the tests for short- and long-term memory, compared with the saline groups (p<0.05). During the short-memory test only the animals with the lowest dose of PMX significantly increased the number of unconditioned responses whereas during the long-term memory test all experimental groups increased the number of escapes in comparison with the saline groups (p<0.05). Challenge dose of haloperidol attenuates learning and memory in pramipexol treated rats. Only the highest dose of pramipexol showed significant increase in conditioned and unconditioned responses compared with the haloperidol group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Pramipexole improves learning and memory in naïve rats by enhancing dopaminergic neurotransmission. This is probably not the only mechanism involved. This is confirmed by the decrease in learning and memory ability in rats with haloperidol-challenge.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Treatment with Atorvastatin and Rosuaastatin on Active Avoidance Test in Intact Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Maria T. Georgieva-Kotetarova ◽  
Ivanka I. Kostadinova ◽  
Delian P. Delev
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Retention Test ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Learning Session ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Vehicle Treated Group ◽  
Active Avoidance Test

Summary Statins are widely used for treatment of hyperlipidemia. They have been shown to possess pleiotropic effects apart from their lipid-lowering activity - anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective. Most studies suggest that statins can protect the brain against damage but it is not clear whether they improve cognitive function in patients without neuropathy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 3-month treatment with atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on learning and memory processes in rats without brain damage. Wistar rats were treated orally for 90 days with atorvastatin and rosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg/kg b. w. in parallel with the vehicle-treated group. After that period, learning ability and memory retention was evaluated using an active avoidance test - automatic reflex conditioner (shuttle box). The learning session was carried out on 5 consecutive days. Memory retention test was performed on day 12. The following behavioral reactions were investigated: conditioned responses (avoidance), unconditioned responses (escapes), and intertrial crossings. We found increased number of conditioned responses in groups, treated with atorvastatin 10 mg/kg b.w., and with rosuvastatin 10 mg/kg b.w. during the learning session and on the memory retention test, as compared to the same-day control group. The atorvastatin-treated group showed an increased number of unconditioned responses on days 1 and 2, as compared to the control group. In the group treated with Rosuvastatin there was an increased number of escapes on days 1,2 and 4, as compared to the vehicle-treated group. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg/kg b.w. improved processes of learning and memory retention after the 3-month treatment.

scholarly journals Effect of Aronia Melanocarpa Fruit Juice on Fearning and Memory in the Two-Way Active Avoidance Task in Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefka Valcheva-Kuzmanova ◽  
Miroslav Eftimov ◽  
Iren Beleheva ◽  
Roman Tashev ◽  
Stiliana Beleheva
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Memory Effects ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Active Avoidance Task ◽  
Aronia Melanocarpa ◽  
Improved Learning

Summary Amnia melanocarpa fruits are one of the richest natural sources of phenolic substances, among them flavonoids, mainly from the subclass of anthocyanins. Flavonoids, which are constituents of Amnia melanocarpa fruit juice, have been found to localize in various brain regions that are important for memory. The aim of the present study was to investigate the learning and memory effects of Amnia melanocarpa fruit juice (AMFJ) in young/healthy male Wistarrats. AMFJ was applied orally for 21 and 30 days at a dose of 10 ml/kg b.w., and comparisons were made with saline-treated (10 ml/kg b.w.) controls. Learning and memory functions were evaluated, using the two-way active avoidance task (shuttle box). Administered for the two treatment periods, the juice significantly increased the number of avoidances on training days 1 and 2, as well as at the retention test (24 h after the 2nd training session). These effects were more pronounced in rats treated with AMFJ for 30 days. The learning and memory effects of AMFJ are probably due to its polyphenolic constituents. The findings from the present study suggest that AMFJ applied subchronically improved learning and memory in young/healthy rats.

Neurons in the central part of dorsal telencephalon (Dc) in zebrafish encode the long-term memory of active avoidance paradigm

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. e183
Author(s):  
Tazu Aoki ◽  
Ryo Aoki ◽  
Masakazu Agetsuma ◽  
Masae Kinoshita ◽  
Hidenori Aizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Avoidance Paradigm ◽  
Dorsal Telencephalon

Effects of Standarized Ginseng Extract on Learning, Memory and Physical Capabilites

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.D. Petkov ◽  
A.H. Mosharrof
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Nootropic Drugs ◽  
Ginseng Extract ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Step Down ◽  
Box Method ◽  
Improved Learning

Standardized ginseng extract (G115, Pharmaton, Lugano) was administered orally at doses of 3,10,30,100 and 300 mg/kg for 10 days as ten rats were used wtih each dose. With the "shuttle-box" method for active avoidance most pronounced effect on learning and memory was obtained by the dose of 10 mg/kg. With the "step-down" method for passive avoidance the dose of 30 mg/kg significantly improved retention. In the staircase maze training with positive (alimentary) reinforcement only the dose of 10 mg/kg significantly improved learning and memory. The dose of 100 mg/kg greatly increased the locomotor activity of mice. The results show that ginseng at appropriate doses improves learning, memory and physical capabilities. Bell-shaped dose-effect curves, reported with other nootropic drugs, were obtained.

scholarly journals Solid Lipid Curcumin Particles Protect Medium Spiny Neuronal Morphology, and Reduce Learning and Memory Deficits in the YAC128 Mouse Model of Huntington’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9542
Author(s):  
Abeer Gharaibeh ◽  
Panchanan Maiti ◽  
Rebecca Culver ◽  
Shiela Heileman ◽  
Bhairavi Srinageshwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Neuronal Morphology ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Active Avoidance Task ◽  
Solid Lipid ◽  
Lipid Particles

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms, accompanied by massive neuronal degeneration in the striatum. In this study, we utilized solid lipid curcumin particles (SLCPs) and solid lipid particles (SLPs) to test their efficacy in reducing deficits in YAC128 HD mice. Eleven-month-old YAC128 male and female mice were treated orally with SLCPs (100 mg/kg) or equivalent volumes of SLPs or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) every other day for eight weeks. Learning and memory performance was assessed using an active-avoidance task on week eight. The mice were euthanized, and their brains were processed using Golgi-Cox staining to study the morphology of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and Western blots to quantify amounts of DARPP-32, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), TrkB, synaptophysin, and PSD-95. We found that both SLCPs and SLPs improved learning and memory in HD mice, as measured by the active avoidance task. We also found that SLCP and SLP treatments preserved MSNs arborization and spinal density and modulated synaptic proteins. Our study shows that SLCPs, as well as the lipid particles, can have therapeutic effects in old YAC128 HD mice in terms of recovering from HD brain pathology and cognitive deficits.

scholarly journals Appetitive conditioning task in a shuttle box and its comparison with the active avoidance paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-372
Author(s):  
Daniil Sergeevich Berezhnoy ◽  
Tatiana Aleksandrovna Zamorina ◽  
Anatoly Nikolaevich Inozemtsev
Keyword(s):  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Appetitive Conditioning ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Avoidance Paradigm
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