scholarly journals ACL Reconstruction: Problems, History and Future. Part II

2020 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
I.M. Zazirnyi ◽  
O.O. Kostrub
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Tibial Tunnel ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Double Bundle ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Single Bundle ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Summary. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most commonly seen injuries in sport and has a devastating influence on patients’ activity levels and quality of life. For patients, whose history and results of physical examination suggest an ACL injury, MRI is indicated to confirm the diagnosis and to determine whether there are concomitant injuries. There are limited data of the need for immediate ACL reconstruction. Surgeons need to discuss with the patient the option of a structured accelerated course of rehabilitation as an alternative to immediate reconstruction. If an initial strategy of rehabilitation was chosen, serial evaluation of knee function and functional recovery in the first 3 months after the injury would recommend. If there is residual instability (greater than grade 2) at the time of subsequent assessment, the surgery is necessary to avoid further damage to the articular cartilage and meniscus. When reconstruction is advised as the correct management of an ACL injury, there are various options. The type of a graft, single-bundle or double-bundle reconstruction, graft placement, and whether to use the transtibial, far anteromedial portal, or tibial tunnel–independent technique are choices that must be made. Each option has its own advantages and disadvantages, with single- or double-bundle strategy, proper placement of grafts, and the use of autografts affect the clinical outcome and quality of life of patients. The selection of the best autograft tissue type remains controversial, with the patellar tendon (PT), the hamstring (HS) tendon, and the quadriceps tendon each having their proponents.

scholarly journals Biomarkers on the Day of ACL Reconstruction and Sex Predictive of Knee-related Quality of Life at 2-year Follow-up

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967117S0012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Lattermann ◽  
Cale A. Jacobs ◽  
Caitlin Whale ◽  
Kate Jochimsen ◽  
Darren L. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Patient Reported Outcomes ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Cartilage Degeneration ◽  
Patient Demographics ◽  
Patient Reported

Objectives: Regardless of surgical or conservative management, the majority of patients develop posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) within 15 years of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. In addition to MRI or radiographic evidence of cartilage degeneration, the onset of PTOA is associated with increased concentrations of chondrodegenerative and inflammatory biomarkers and reduced Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Score Quality of Life (KOOS-QOL) scores. Postoperatively, biochemical biomarkers may offer the ability to detect the onset of PTOA earlier than traditional imaging methods; however, little is known about the ability of preoperatively collected biomarkers to predict postoperative symptoms often associated with early onset of PTOA. The purpose of this prospective study was to determine if patient demographics and biomarkers collected on the day of ACL reconstruction could accurately explain the variability in postoperative KOOS-QOL scores. We hypothesized that no combination of biomarkers collected on the day of ACL reconstruction would be associated with 2-year patient-reported outcomes. Methods: Participants included 18 patients (9 females, 9 males; age = 20.1 ± 5.2 years; height = 177.7 ± 11.9 cm; weight = 77.8 ± 18.0 kg) that had previously enrolled in a prospective randomized trial evaluating early anti-inflammatory treatment after ACL injury. As part of the initial trial, synovial, serum, and urinary biomarkers of chondrodegeneration and inflammation were collected on the day of ACL reconstruction. Patients were then contacted to complete patient-reported outcomes 2 years following surgery. A linear regression was performed to determine if a model generated from patient demographics and biomarkers on the day of surgery and could accurately explain the variability in KOOS-QOL scores at 2 years. Results: KOOS-QOL scores significantly improved from 39.9 ± 14.2 on the day of ACL reconstruction to 66.7 ± 19.7 at 2 years (p < 0.001). A model containing urinary CTX-II and sex explained 52% of the variability in 2-year KOOS-QOL scores (adjusted R2 = 0.52, p = 0.002), with higher urinary CTX-II values and female sex associated with poorer KOOS-QOL scores. Urinary CTX-II, which is a biomarker of type II collagen breakdown, individually explained 32% of the variability in 2-year KOOS-QOL scores (p = 0.01) with sex explaining 20% of the variability (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Previous studies have demonstrated that ACL injury triggers a biochemical cascade that worsens over the first 4-6 weeks after injury. The current results demonstrated that higher levels of collagen breakdown as measured via CTX-II levels at the time of surgery was associated with worse KOOS-QOL outcomes at 2 years. This data strongly suggests that initial biochemical changes after injury may have powerful consequences for the injured knee that are not mitigated by surgical stabilization alone. Early anti-catabolic intervention after ACL injury may need to be investigated as an adjunct treatment strategy, particularly in female patients with high CTX-II levels.

Ten-Year Survivorship, Patient-Reported Outcome Measures, and Patient Acceptable Symptom State After Over-the-Top Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With a Lateral Extra-articular Reconstruction: Analysis of 267 Consecutive Cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-383
Author(s):  
Alberto Grassi ◽  
Luca Macchiarola ◽  
Gian Andrea Lucidi ◽  
Annamaria Silvestri ◽  
Giacomo Dal Fabbro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Surgical Technique ◽  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Single Bundle ◽  
Meniscal Lesion ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Over The Top

Background: Long-term patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and predictors of success or failure after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are not fully understood, especially when combined with a lateral extra-articular reconstruction. Purpose: To assess the long-term PROMs, revision rate, and predictors of success or failure after ACL reconstructions using an over-the-top surgical technique with single-bundle hamstring tendon autografts and a lateral extra-articular reconstruction. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: The study cohort consisted of 267 consecutive patients (mean age, 30.7 years) who underwent ACL reconstruction with an over-the-top surgical technique with single-bundle hamstring tendon autografts and a lateral extra-articular augmentation between November 2007 and May 2009. The number of subsequent ACL revisions and reoperations were recorded. Subjective clinical status was assessed with PROMs—specifically, the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Lysholm, Tegner, and visual analog scale for pain—at a minimum follow-up of 10 years. Results: Overall, 3% of patients underwent ACL revision, with a 10-year survival rate of 96.3%. High sport activity (hazard ratio, 6.9; P = .285) and concomitant meniscal lesion (hazard ratio, 2.6; P = .0487) were predictors of ACL revision or new meniscectomy. The mean ± SD Lysholm score was 94.1 ± 10.8, while that for the visual analog scale for pain was 0.2 ± 0.9 at rest and 2.1 ± 2.6 during activity. KOOS subscale scores were as follows: 95.7 ± 8.1 for Pain, 92.5 ± 10.5 for Symptoms, 98.4 ± 7.4 for Activities of Daily Living, 90.7 ± 17.2 for Sport, and 91.2 ± 17.1 for Quality of Life; respectively, 88%, 99%, 81%, 89%, and 91% of patients achieved the Patient Acceptable Symptom State. Female sex and chondropathy with Outerbridge grade ≥2 were predictors of worse KOOS subscales. Overall, 82% of patients returned to sport, and 57% were still participating at the 10-year evaluation. Conclusion: ACL reconstruction with an over-the-top surgical technique with single-bundle hamstring autografts and a lateral extra-articular reconstruction provided satisfactory results in terms of function, symptoms, sports, and quality of life in 80% to 90% of patients after 10 years. Long-term survivorship was 96%. Sport participation declined from 82% postoperatively to 57% at long-term follow-up. A concomitant medial meniscal lesion was a predictor of higher risk of ACL failure or new meniscal lesion, while advanced chondropathy and female sex were predictors of higher pain, lower function, and poor quality of life scores.

scholarly journals Comparison of Blood Flow Restriction Training versus Non-Occlusive Training in Patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction or Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Cristina Bobes Álvarez ◽  
Paloma Issa-Khozouz Santamaría ◽  
Rubén Fernández-Matías ◽  
Daniel Pecos-Martín ◽  
Alexander Achalandabaso-Ochoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis (KOA) have been shown to have quadriceps muscle weakness and/or atrophy in common. The physiological mechanisms of blood flow restriction (BFR) training could facilitate muscle hypertrophy. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the effects of BFR training on quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA), pain perception, function and quality of life on these patients compared to a non-BFR training. A literature research was performed using Web of Science, PEDro, Scopus, MEDLINE, Dialnet, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library databases. The main inclusion criteria were that papers were English or Spanish language reports of randomized controlled trials involving patients with ACL reconstruction or suffering from KOA. The initial research identified 159 publications from all databases; 10 articles were finally included. The search was conducted from April to June 2020. Four of these studies found a significant improvement in strength. A significant increase in CSA was found in two studies. Pain significantly improved in four studies and only one study showed a significant improvement in functionality/quality of life. Low-load training with BFR may be an effective option treatment for increasing quadriceps strength and CSA, but more research is needed.

Low Rates of Return to Preinjury Sport After Bilateral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate E. Webster ◽  
Julian A. Feller ◽  
Alexander J. Kimp ◽  
Timothy S. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Return To Sport ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Reconstruction Surgery ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Background: Patients with bilateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries tend to report worse results in terms of knee function and quality of life as compared with those with unilateral injury. There are limited data regarding return to preinjury sport in this group. Purpose: To report return-to-sport rates for patients who had bilateral ACL reconstruction and to compare outcomes according to age and sex. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 107 patients (62 male, 45 female) who underwent primary ACL reconstruction surgery to both knees completed a detailed sports activity survey at a mean 5-year follow-up (range, 2.5-10 years). Follow-up also included the International Knee Documentation Committee subjective form, Marx Activity Scale, and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score–Quality of Life subscale. Rates of return to preinjury levels of sport were calculated for the whole cohort, and for further analysis, the group was divided according to age (<25 vs ≥25 years), sex, and time between the reconstruction procedures (<3 vs ≥3 years). Results: The rate of return to preinjury sport after bilateral ACL reconstruction was 40% (95% CI, 31%-50%), as compared with an 83% (95% CI, 74%-88%) return rate after the first reconstruction procedure. Although not statistically significant, return rates were higher for male versus female patients (47% vs 31%) and older versus younger patients (45% vs 31%). Of those who returned to their preinjury levels of sport after the second reconstruction, 72% thought that they could perform as well as before their ACL injuries. In contrast, only 20% thought that they could perform as well if they returned to a lower level. Fear of reinjury was the most common reason cited for failure to return to sport after the second reconstruction. Patient-reported outcome scores were higher for those who returned to their preinjury levels of sport but did not differ for sex and age. Conclusion: Return-to-sport rates drop markedly after a second (contralateral) ACL reconstruction, with less than half of the investigated cohort returning to its preinjury level of sport. Return-to-sport outcomes are less than ideal for patients who have ACL reconstruction surgery to both knees.

Graft Size and Orientation Within the Femoral Notch Affect Graft Healing at 1 Year After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Oshima ◽  
Sven Putnis ◽  
Samuel Grasso ◽  
Antonio Klasan ◽  
David Anthony Parker
Keyword(s):  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Tibial Tunnel ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Single Bundle ◽  
Graft Size ◽  
Graft Healing ◽  
High Resolution Mri ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Femoral Notch

Background: The combined influence of anatomic and operative factors affecting graft healing after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction within the femoral notch is not well understood. Purpose: To determine the influence of graft size and orientation in relation to femoral notch anatomy, with the signal/noise quotient (SNQ) of the graft used as a measure of graft healing after primary single-bundle ACL reconstruction. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 98 patients with a minimum 2-year follow-up after primary single-bundle ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon autografts were included. Graft healing was evaluated at 1 year on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan as the mean SNQ measured from 3 regions situated at sites at the proximal, middle, and distal graft. Patient characteristics, chondropenia severity score, tunnel sizes, tunnel locations, graft bending angle (GBA), graft sagittal angle, posterior tibial slope (PTS), graft length, graft volume, femoral notch volume, and graft-notch volume ratio (measured using postoperative 3-T high-resolution MRI) were evaluated to determine any association with 1-year graft healing. The correlation between 1-year graft healing and clinical outcome at minimum 2 years was also assessed. Results: There was no significant difference in mean SNQ between male and female patients ( P > .05). Univariate regression analysis showed that a low femoral tunnel ( P = .005), lateral tibial tunnel ( P = .009), large femoral tunnel ( P = .011), large tibial tunnel ( P < .001), steep lateral PTS ( P = .010), steep medial PTS ( P = .004), acute graft sagittal angle ( P < .001), acute GBA ( P < .001), large graft volume ( P = .003), and high graft-notch volume ratio ( P < .001) were all associated with higher graft SNQ values. A multivariate regression analysis showed 2 significant factors: a large graft-notch volume ratio ( P = .001) and an acute GBA ( P = .004). The 1-year SNQ had a weak correlation with 2-year Tegner Activity Scale score ( r = 0.227; P = .026) but no other clinical findings, such as International Knee Documentation Committee subjective and Lysholm scores and anterior tibial translation side-to-side difference. Conclusion: The 1-year SNQ value had a significant positive association with graft-notch volume ratio and GBA. Both graft size and graft orientation appeared to have a significant influence on graft healing as assessed on 1-year high-resolution MRI scan.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Computed Tomography Evaluation of the Tunnel Location and Angle during Anatomic Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2_suppl2) ◽  
pp. 2325967117S0009
Author(s):  
Sang Hak Lee ◽  
Kyung Hk Yoon ◽  
Chan Il Bae
Keyword(s):  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Femoral Tunnel ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Tibial Tunnel ◽  
Posterior Wall ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Single Bundle ◽  
Tunnel Length ◽  
Tunnel Position ◽  
The Mean

Purpose: Tibial tunnel-independent drilling has attracted increased interest in recent years for anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to compare the geometry and position of the femoral tunnel between the anteromedial portal (AMP) and outside-in (OI) techniques after anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 82 patients undergoing single-bundle ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon autografts using either the AMP (n=40) or OI (n=42) technique. The locations of the tibial and femoral tunnel apertures were assessed by immediate postoperative 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) imaging with OsiriX imaging software. The femoral graft bending angle, femoral tunnel aperture shape (height/width ratio), femoral tunnel length, and posterior wall breakage were also measured. Results: The two techniques did not differ significantly in the femoral tunnel position perpendicular to the Blumensaat line. However, the mean femoral tunnel position parallel to the Blumensaat line was more caudally positioned in the AMP group than in the OI group (P=0.025) The two groups did not differ significantly in tibial tunnel position. The mean femoral tunnel length did not differ between the AMP (36.1±0.33 mm) and OI groups (35.6±0.37 mm; P=0.548) The mean femoral graft angle in the OI group (99.6°±7.1°) was significantly more acute than that of the AMP group (108.9°±10.2°) (p < 0.0001). The mean height/width ratio of the AMP group (1.21±0.20) was significantly more ellipsoidal than that of the OI group (1.07±0.09) (p < 0.0001). Posterior wall breakage was detected in 3 cases (7.5%), all in the AMP group. Conclusions: After single-bundle anatomic ACL reconstruction, 3D CT showed a significantly shallower femoral tunnel in the AMP group than in the OI group. The AMP group had a more ellipsoidal femoral tunnel with a risk of posterior wall breakage than the OI group. The OI group showed a more acute bending angle of the femoral tunnel than the AMP group. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text]

scholarly journals The serial changes of static anterior tibial subluxation on MRI after double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7_suppl6) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0049
Author(s):  
Hideaki Fukuda ◽  
Takahiro Ogura ◽  
Kenji Takahashi ◽  
Shigehiro Asai
Keyword(s):  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Double Bundle ◽  
Medial Compartment ◽  
Injury Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anterior Tibial ◽  
Text Figure ◽  
Double Bundle Acl Reconstruction

Objectives: Static anterior tibial subluxation after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury highlights the abnormal relationship between the tibia and femur in patients with ACL insufficiency. One of the aims of ACL reconstruction is to restore the normal tibiofemoral relationship. However, several studies indicated that an abnormal tibiofemoral relationship remained after single-bundle (SB) ACL reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to determine the serial changes of static relationship between tibia and femur in patient who had double-bundle ACL reconstruction with acute and chronic injuries. Methods: Thirty five patients who underwent double-bundle ACL reconstruction between January 1 to July 31, 2017 were included in this prospective study and divided two groups: the acute ACL injury group and the chronic ACL injury group (more than 6 month after injury). All participants underwent preoperative and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months. Anterior tibial subluxation (ATS) of the medial and lateral compartments relative to the femoral condyles were measured on MRI. Results: There were no significant differences in the age and KT side to side difference between both groups (Table 1). The ATS measurements are shown in table 2. In lateral compartment, the ATS in the acute ACL injury group was 5.3mm before surgery, while it was -0.31mm, 3.4mm, 3.5mm and 4.9mm at 3 weeks, 3, 6, 12months after surgery, respectively. The ATS in the chronic ACL injury group was 6.7mm before surgery, while it was 0.47mm, 3.9mm, 4.6mm and 5.9mm at 3 weeks, 3, 6, 12months after surgery, respectively. No significant difference was found between 2 groups. In medial compartment, the ATS in the acute ACL injury group was 1.8mm before surgery, while it was -1.6mm, 0.28mm, 0.93mm and 2.1mm at 3 weeks, 3, 6, 12months after surgery, respectively. The ATS in the chronic ACL injury group was 2.5mm before surgery, while it was -1.4mm, 1.6mm, 1.7mm and 3.0mm at 3 weeks, 3, 6, 12months after surgery, respectively. No significant difference was found between 2 groups. Conclusion: In both of lateral and medial compartment, the ATS was not significant different between acute and chronic ACL injuries before surgery. In lateral compartment, at 3 weeks, 3months and 6months after surgery, ATS was significantly less than before surgery in both groups. At 12 months, ATS was not significant different from before surgery in both groups. In medial compartment, at 3 weeks, ATS were significantly less than before surgery in both groups. After 3 months, ATS was not significant different from before surgery in both groups. The ATS was not significant different between acute and chronic ACL injuries in the same period after surgery. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text][Figure: see text][Figure: see text]

scholarly journals Clinical Outcome Evaluation of Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Tunnel Positioning Using Gold Standard Techniques: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 232596712110133
Author(s):  
Tiago Lazzaretti Fernandes ◽  
Hugo Henrique Moreira ◽  
Renato Andrade ◽  
Sandra Umeda Sasaki ◽  
Wanderley Marques Bernardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Double Bundle ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Single Bundle ◽  
Anatomic Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Background: There have been conflicting results about the theoretical advantages of anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes comparing anatomic single- versus double-bundle techniques, anatomic versus nonanatomic techniques, and transportal versus outside-in tunnel drilling for ACL reconstruction. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A search was performed in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases up to August 2018 for clinical trials comparing anatomic ACL reconstruction (with tunnel positioning demonstrated using gold standard radiologic techniques) with another technique, with a minimum functional and biomechanical follow-up of 6 months. A meta-analysis was performed to compare clinical and functional outcomes between anatomic single- versus double-bundle reconstruction and between anatomic versus nonanatomic techniques, using the risk difference or the mean difference. Risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort and case-control studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and Jadad Score for randomized controlled trials. Results: Included were 15 studies comprising 1290 patients (follow-up, 12-36 months). No significant differences favoring anatomic double-bundle over anatomic single-bundle reconstruction or outside-in over transportal techniques were found. The meta-analyses showed significant differences in the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) objective score (risk difference, –0.14; 95% confidence interval, –0.27 to –0.01) favoring anatomic over nonanatomic reconstruction. No statistically significant differences were found between anatomic and nonanatomic surgical techniques on other functional scores or clinical examination outcomes, including the IKDC subjective score, Lysholm score, Tegner score, KT-1000 arthrometer test, or pivot-shift test. Conclusion: Double-bundle reconstruction was not superior to the single-bundle technique in clinical and functional outcomes. Anatomic ACL reconstruction shows significantly superior results over nonanatomic ACL reconstruction, reinforcing the anatomic technique as the gold standard choice for clinical practice.

Biomechanical Evaluation of Different Techniques in Double Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Finite Element Analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Ying Huang ◽  
Hong Guang Zheng ◽  
Qiang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Tibial Tunnel ◽  
Double Bundle ◽  
Rotational Stability ◽  
Single Bundle ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Anterior cruciate ligament injuries commonly in traffic accident, sports activities and extreme sports. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is a common practice to help the patients restore the knee stability. However, there is no previous comparison study of single bundle reconstruction, double-femoral double-tibial tunnel reconstruction, single-femoral double-tibial tunnel reconstruction, and double-femoral single-tibial tunnel reconstruction with respect to biomechanical characteristics such as rotational stability, force and stress inside the ligament and grafts, stresses inside the soft tissues. In this study, we developed a pair of three-dimensional finite element models of a lower extremity including femur, tibia, fibula, cartilage, meniscus, and four major ligaments at 0°，25°，60° and 80°of knee flexion. Based on the intact models, single bundle reconstruction, double-femoral double-tibial tunnel reconstruction, single-femoral double-tibial tunnel reconstruction, and double-femoral single-tibial tunnel reconstruction models were also developed. Then, the anterior tibial translations, the forces and stresses inside the ACL and ACL replacements, as well as the stresses inside the menisci, femoral and tibial cartilage were predicted under a combined rotatory load of 10Nm valgus moment and 5 Nm internal torque, respectively using finite element analysis. The rotational stability, ligament forces and stresses in the menisci, femoral and tibial cartilage following double bundle augmentation were superior to the other reconstruction techniques, while there is little advantage in ligament stress compared to that of the single bundle reconstruction. We conclude that double-femoral double-tibial tunnel reconstruction may have advantages with regard to biomechanical characteristics such as rotational stability, force inside the ligament and grafts, stresses inside the soft tissues.

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