scholarly journals Prosodic Word and Morphological Derivation in Brazilian Portuguese

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Carlos Schwindt
Keyword(s):  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Stress Assignment ◽  
Prosodic Word ◽  
Word Boundaries

<p>In this paper, I discuss the prosodic status of words formed by morphological derivation in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Considering three types of prosodization - composition, adjunction and incorporation (Booij, 1996; Ito &amp; Mester, 2008; Vigário, 2011) -, I propose that prefixes in BP are subject to all of them, whereas suffixes are subject only to incorporation and composition, not to adjunction. The main argument to support this analysis comes from the diagnostic of stress assignment. In addition, I examine other phonological processes that occur within words in contrast to processes that occur at word boundaries, as well as the morphosyntactic behavior of the affixes involved. In addition, based on this description, I seek to problematize some consequences of this typology for the organization of the prosodic hierarchy and its effects on morphological transparency.</p>

scholarly journals Ungeneralizable minimality in Ndebele

2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-58
Author(s):  
Laura J. Downing
Keyword(s):  
Minimality Condition ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Stress Assignment ◽  
Prosodic Morphology ◽  
Striking Finding ◽  
Maximal Size ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Size Constraints ◽  
Morphological Processes

A body of work in Prosodic Morphology clearly establishes the importance of prosodic constituents like the foot as templates conditioning morpheme size. A striking finding of this research is that morphological footing is independent of metrical footing in many languages, as the footing required for particular morphological processes is often not identical to that required for phonological processes like stress assignment. However, recent OT research on Prosodic Morphology has made the opposite claim. Within this theory, the Generalized Template Hypothesis (GTH) proposes that no morpheme-particular templates defining minimal and maximal size are necessary. Instead, templates are always derivable from general principles of the grammar, like independently motivated metrical footing. This paper presents evidence from Ndebele showing that the GTH is too strong. In Ndebele, several different verb forms are subject to a minimality condition. In some cases, the minimality condition can be derived through independent metrical footing, as the GTH predicts. However, in several cases it cannot, showing that morpheme-particular size constraints are still a necessary part of the grammar.

The phonological and grammatical status of Murui ‘word’

2020 ◽  
pp. 121-146
Author(s):  
Katarzyna I. Wojtylak
Keyword(s):  
Vowel Length ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Phonological Word ◽  
Segmental Phonology ◽  
Word Boundaries ◽  
Nominal Compounds ◽  
Fixed Order ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Key Indicators

Different sorts of phonological and grammatical criteria can be used to identify wordhood in Murui, a Witotoan language from Northwest Amazonia. A phonological word is determined on entirely phonological principles. Its key indicators include prosody (stress) and segmental phonology (vowel length). A phonological word is further produced by applying relevant phonological processes within it and not across its word boundaries. The further criterion is moraicity which requires that the minimal phonological word contains at least two moras. A grammatical word, determined entirely on grammatical principles, consists of one lexical root to which morphological processes (affixation, cliticization, and reduplication) are applied. The components of a grammatical word are cohesive and occur in a relatively fixed order. Although Murui grammatical and phonological words mostly coincide, the ‘mismatches’ include nominal compounds (that is, one phonological word consisting of two grammatical words), verbal root reduplication (one grammatical but two phonological words), and clitics.

scholarly journals Stress assignment in polysyllabic words in Levantine Arabic: An Optimality-Theoretic analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Nour Abu Guba
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Theoretic Analysis ◽  
Secondary Stress ◽  
Left Edge ◽  
Stress Assignment ◽  
Prosodic Word ◽  
Levantine Arabic

Abstract This paper proposes an Optimality-Theoretic analysis of stress assignment in Levantine Arabic. The proposed hierarchy incorporates two constraints, namely *EXTENDED-LAPSE-R, which restricts stress to one of the last three syllables, and ALIGN-LEFT, which demands that the left edge of the prosodic word be aligned with a foot. This hierarchy is superior to earlier research as it successfully accounts for stress assignment in a more comprehensive and economical way. Most interestingly, it can account for the unexpected stress on a light penult in prosodic words ending in four light syllables and the paradoxical status of foot extrametricality without ad hoc parameterization of constraints. Moreover, findings show that footing in Levantine Arabic is iterative, an indication that secondary stress is attested in Levantine dialects.

scholarly journals Aspectos cognitivos e pragmáticos das construções condicionais contrafactuais.

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
Fernanda Aparecida Raposo Meireles
Keyword(s):  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Epistemic Stance

This paper taker a sociocognitive approach on conditional counterfactual constructions in Brazilian Portuguese. Following work on Construction Grammar (Fillmore & Kay 1993, Goldberg1995), it is argued that tense and mood are related to contextually determined phenomena such as epistemic stance and epistemicdistance. The main argument is that past morphology is responsible for hypothetical or counterfactual interpretations. Moreover, this fact shows the interaction between verbs and constructions, confirming the Construction Grammar’s viewpoint.

scholarly journals Stress assignment in Hittite and Proto-Indo-European

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Anthony D Yates
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Theoretic Analysis ◽  
Left Edge ◽  
Stress Assignment ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
Prosodic Word ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Common ◽  
Lexical Accent

This paper develops a new optimality theoretic analysis of lexical accent in Hittite (Anatolian, Indo-European). I demonstrate that Hittite synchronic stress assignment is consistent with Kiparsky and Halle's (1977) Basic Accentuation Principle, which assigns primary stress to the leftmost morpheme lexically specified for prosodic prominence or else to the left edge of a prosodic word. The Hittite evidence is thus shown to converge with Kiparsky and Halle's reconstruction of this principle for the common ancestor of the non-Anatolian Indo-European languages (i.e. Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European), and in view of this agreement, argued to be reconstructible for Proto-Indo-European itself.

scholarly journals When statistics collide: The use of transitional and phonotactic probability cues to word boundaries by Brazilian-Portuguese adults

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Dal Ben ◽  
Débora de Hollanda Souza ◽  
Jessica Hay
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Speech Segmentation ◽  
Transitional Probability ◽  
Phonotactic Probability ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Early Language Development ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Word Boundaries ◽  
Statistical Regularities

Statistical regularities in linguistic input shape early language development and second language acquisition. For example, both transitional probability and phonotactic probability play a role in speech segmentation, however, it remains unclear whether or how these statistics are combined when small differences in phonotactic probabilities are presented. We conducted two experiments to investigate the effects of transitional and phonotactic probabilities on speech segmentation by Brazilian-Portuguese-speaking adults. Four pseudo-languages, with six words each, were created. The transitional probabilities between words’ biphones were high, whereas the probabilities between part-words’ biphones were lower. Although the within and between word phonotactic probability were always high, they varied slightly across the familiarization languages and test words/part-words. Languages 1 and 2 had familiarization words with unbalanced phonotactics, but target words and part-words used at test were phonotactically balanced. Languages 3 and 4 had familiarization words with balanced phonotactics, but phonotactics were unbalanced across test items; In Language 3 words had slightly lower phonotactics that part-words. The reverse was true for Language 4. Eighty-one Brazilian-Portuguese speaking adults were divided in four groups. Each group was familiarized with one version of the language and then tested on two-alternative forced choice trials. Participants presented with Languages 1, 2 and 4 preferred words to part-words at test. However, participants who heard Language 3 did not select words above chance. There was no significant difference in word selection between Language 4 and Languages 1 and 2, despite the fact that phonotactics were higher during both familiarization and test for words from the fourth language. These findings indicate that phonotactic and transitional information can be tracked and combined to facilitate or impair speech segmentation. Furthermore, they suggest that subtle differences in phonotactics are more informative of word boundaries than congruency between high phonotactic and transitional probability cues.

scholarly journals Ultrasonographic analysis of coronal fricative phonemes

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. e21002
Author(s):  
Maiana Pamplona ◽  
Aline Mara de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
P Value ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
Speech Therapists

Compare the tongue contour in different groups (children with typical, atypical phonological development and adults) in the production of fricative children, through ultrasound videos. The six participants were divided in three groups: Group DF - two children with phonological processes anteriorization of fricative (/ʃ/→ [s]), (both with seven years), group DT - two children with typical development of language (eight and nine years old) and group AD - two adults, all speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. The videos of the movement of the tongue in the production of target sounds inserted in the words /'sapo/, /'sika/, /'suko/, /'∫ave/, /'∫ike/ and /'∫uva/ were organized and evaluated by three judges speech therapists with experience in this area, guided in VAS. It has been observed that, for two of the judges, there was a significant difference between the words produced by children with DF and CT when compared with the words in contexts and vowel [i] and [u], and the productions of these children /∫/→[s] and /s/→[s], respectively, but not for words accompanied [a]. When comparing the data of children with DF and AD, there was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) in the context of vowel [u]. The judges have detected articulatory differences between typical and atypical productions for children, as well as differentiation also as to the production of adults.

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