Binarity in Prosodic Morphology and Elsewhere

This paper explores the role of binarity in prosodic morphology by proposing that all representations are maximally binary branching, as stated in (1).(1) Binarity Hypothesis: All representations are maximally binary branching.Our evidence comes from examining patterns in which fission (Integrity violations) and fusion (Uniformity violations) of segments satisfies morphological and phonological constraints: multiple reduplication, haplology, coalescence, and breaking. Where there appears to be 1:3 or a 3:1 mapping between input and output segments, we propose that this must arise from two separate 1:2 or 2:1 mappings (perhaps at a stem and word level). We illustrate that a number of seemingly complex patterns of multiple reduplication in Salish, Wakashan and Uto-Aztecan languages follow naturally from the Binarity Hypothesis.

MORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN GIKUYU LANGUAGE REDUPLICATION

This research is indispensable as it basically studies how Gikuyu language reduplication patterns can be explained using Prosodic Morphology Theory. It looks at the various types of reduplication in Gikuyu language and seeks to establish if reduplication in Gikuyu is considered morphological reduplication or phonological copying. Word classification as well as the Gikuyu vowels and consonants have extensively been discussed in this paper as a foundation for the reduplication discussion. The study tries to find out the logic worth of reduplication, how reduplication interconnect with morphological and phonological processes, linguistic units associated with this concept and draws conclusion that reduplication in Gikuyu is considered both morphological doubling and phonological copying. The study adopts Prosodic Morphology theoretical approach in reduplication patterns analysis. Gikuyu phonemic catalogue on vowels and consonants as well as the word categorization, that is, nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives has been discussed as a foundation for the research. Reduplication is a morphological process in which there is repetition of a stem or a root of a word in Linguistics. Reduplication is important since it acts as a declension to bring out semantic roles such as lexical derivation, authentication and reinforcement to form new words. Qualitative sampling was done on the word categories and an outcome was established. There were various reduplication patterns in Gikuyu, several semantic patterns associated with it were listed, set out and reviewed. The findings have been scrutinized and analyzed for further recommendations. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0778/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Prosody and morphology

This text describes the lower units of the prosodic hierarchy (syllables, moraes and feet) to illustrate how these constituents are used by a branch of Morphology called Prosodic Morphology (McCarthy & Prince, 1986 et seq.). It seeks to present the theoretical principles of this type of approach, as well as the advantages of incorporating aspects of the prosodic structure into the morphological description. This paper focuses mainly on a variety of ways in which morphological systems can use this type of phonological structure and it shows the relevance of syllables, moraes and feet in the description of inflexion and word formation processes in natural languages. Finally, it shows that some Portuguese phenomena, such as clipping ('biju' for „bijuteria‟, “imitation jewelry”; „refri‟ for „refrigerante, “soft drink”) and reduplication ('chororô', “excessive crying”) can be satisfactorily described by this model. The idea of the paper is to show that the prosodymorphology "partnership" worked well, managing to solve a series of problems that had hitherto been unanswered or badly solved in morphological literature.

Prosodic Morphology

The phrase ‘prosodic morphology’ refers to a class of linguistic phenomena in which prosodic structure affects morphological form. These phenomena include reduplication, infixation, root-and-pattern morphology, and truncation. A key notion in the analysis of prosodic morphology is the prosodic template, a type of morpheme that consists of a prosodic unit devoid of segmental structure. The filling of the template with segmental material from a basic word produces a morphologically derived word. For example, in Ilokano the prosodic template consists of a heavy syllable. It is filled reduplicatively, by copying the segments from the singular noun sufficient to create a heavy syllable: pusa ‘cat’, pus-pusa ‘cats’.

A Computational Morphological Model for Arabic Diminutive Generation

This paper presents a computational morphological model which is capable of generating ‎Arabic diminutives. It consists mainly of two parts: a linguistic analysis and implementation. ‎The linguistic analysis follows the Prosodic Morphology theory to account for the templatic ‎formation of Arabic diminutives. In the implementation part, the model employs pushdown ‎automata (PDA) to model diminutive morphology building on the linguistic analysis. The ‎model consists of two components: a lexicon and transformational rules. The lexicon ‎component contains the lexical entries which are classified according to four criteria: their ‎syllabic structure, the number of consonants they have, vowels length in syllables, and the ‎presence of the feminine marker. The core of the grammar is a set of 11 transformational rules ‎which are capable of generating diminutives from the different classes of stems. The model ‎has been implemented in NooJ tool and has been tested on all classes of stems, biconsonantal, ‎triconsonantal, quadri-consonantal and quinque-consonantal. The paper also shows how the ‎challenging problem of Arabic non-concatenative diminutive formation can be efficiently ‎handled using pushdown automata implemented in NooJ tool

Relation of child to adult templates, I

This chapter reviews uses of the concept of templates in the literature on core grammar, beginning with the classic studies of Arabic plural formation in Prosodic Morphology, framed in terms of the ‘authentic units of prosody’. The author provides Good’s (2016) broad definition of templates within his typological approach, with an extended example from Tiene, and additional illustrations from Inkelas’ (2014) account of templates at the interface of phonology and morphology, including the inflectional but somewhat unpredictable patterning of the comparative/superlative morphemes in English. The chapter then provides an account of prosodic constraints and morphological alternation in Estonian, which are templatic in spirit if not in specific detail. Further examples derive from uses of reduplication in core grammar; an account of Czech morphology evokes variable shape templates. Finally, the author reports an experiment with English speakers showing an effect of output templates in innovative word formation.

Prosodic Morphological Analysis on Blends Used as Brand of Snacks And Beverages

This research focuses on the blends used in the brands of snacks and beverages which are found in supermarkets around Yogyakarta. More specifically, it attempts to identify and classify blend into four structural formations using prosodic morphology approach. The syllabic constituents of each source word and the number of syllables of the blends are also analyzed in this research. The findings of this research show that coining each beginning of two words is the structural formations of blends mostly used in the data collected (9 blends). It is followed by coining beginning and ending elements of word (7 blends), coining two words that have common sequence sounds (6 blends), and ended by coining two words that have multiple sounds (3 blends). The structural formations that are mostly relevant to the size of blends based on the number of syllables of the second source wordsis AD formation (83.33%). It shows that the structures of blends without overlapping on the source words are more relevant to the theory of size of the blends than the structures of blends with overlapping.

Optimality Theory and Prosodic Morphology

A central concern of Optimality Theory (OT) from its beginnings (McCarthy & Prince 1993a, Prince & Smolensky 1993/2004) has been to provide a coherent framework for formalizing solutions to the traditional problems posed by prosodic morphological constructions for the concatenative principles assumed by most morphological theories. This chapter surveys analyses of constructions such as reduplication, root-and-pattern morphology, truncation, and infixation in both ‘classic’ OT and alternative OT approaches. The aim of the chapter is to show how OT has brought a fresh perspective to the analysis of prosodic morphology constructions by providing a formalism that allows prosodic constraints to interact with morphological concatenative principles in a well-defined way. The chapter concludes with discussion of open issues in the OT approach to prosodic morphology.