Pseudoconvexity properties  of average cost functions

Considerable research has been conducted to explore economies of size in the livestock auction market industry. Since auction market cost functions are expected to conform to microeconomic theory, conclusions regarding industry economies of size are often derived from estimated long-run average total cost (LRATC) functions (French; Stoddard).

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Exploration-Stage Implementation Variation

Zeitschrift für Psychologie ◽

10.1027/2151-2604/a000164 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 222 (1) ◽

pp. 37-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Stephanie Romney ◽

Nathaniel Israel ◽

Danijela Zlatevski

Keyword(s):

Parent Training ◽

Average Cost ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Training Group ◽

Group Differences ◽

Triple P ◽

Community Based ◽

Parent Training Program ◽

A Site ◽

The Cost

The present study examines the effect of agency-level implementation variation on the cost-effectiveness of an evidence-based parent training program (Positive Parenting Program: “Triple P”). Staff from six community-based agencies participated in a five-day training to prepare them to deliver a 12-week Triple P parent training group to caregivers. Prior to the training, administrators and staff from four of the agencies completed a site readiness process intended to prepare them for the implementation demands of successfully delivering the group, while the other two agencies did not complete the process. Following the delivery of each agency’s first Triple P group, the graduation rate and average cost per class graduate were calculated. The average cost-per-graduate was over seven times higher for the two agencies that had not completed the readiness process than for the four completing agencies ($7,811 vs. $1,052). The contrast in costs was due to high participant attrition in the Triple P groups delivered by the two agencies that did not complete the readiness process. The odds of Triple P participants graduating were 12.2 times greater for those in groups run by sites that had completed the readiness process. This differential attrition was not accounted for by between-group differences in participant characteristics at pretest. While the natural design of this study limits the ability to empirically test all alternative explanations, these findings indicate a striking cost savings for sites completing the readiness process and support the thoughtful application of readiness procedures in the early stages of an implementation initiative.

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Weighted average cost of capital of a credit institution: Assessment and optimization methods

Finance and Credit ◽

10.24891/fc.23.14.792 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (14) ◽

pp. 792-803

Author(s):

S.S. Evdokimova ◽

◽

S.A. Bondarenko ◽

Keyword(s):

Average Cost ◽

Cost Of Capital ◽

Weighted Average ◽

Optimization Methods ◽

Credit Institution

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Pharmacoepidemiological Analysis of Pharmacotherapy for Burn Injuries in Real Clinical Practice

Medical Technologies Assessment and Choice (Медицинские технологии Оценка и выбор) ◽

10.31556/2219-0678.2020.39.1.070-079 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 70-79

Author(s):

Olga Vyacheslavovna Zhukova ◽

Ekaterina Sergeevna Nekaeva ◽

Elena Sergeevna Khoroshavina ◽

Ekaterina Alexeevna Kozlova ◽

Yulia Alexandrovna Dudukina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Average Cost ◽

Burn Injury ◽

General Structure ◽

Burn Injuries ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Positive Tendency ◽

Defined Daily Doses ◽

Duration Of Hospitalization ◽

Real Clinical Practice

Objective: to conduct pharmacoepidemiological analysis and analysis of the costs of pharmacotherapy, taking into account the actual consumption of drugs in the real inpatient clinical practice at the federal center in Russia. Materials and methods. Data from the medical records of 14 patients with burn injury, who were hospitalized in 2018, was analyzed. Patients’ age was from 23 to 67 years (44,93 ± 14,66). Duration of hospitalization was from 17 to 62 days (35,93 ± 14,17). We calculated rate of prescription foe each drug and its share in general structure of all utilized drug courses (n = 460). We performed frequency analysis of prescription structure, DDD (defined daily doses) analysis, DU90% (Drug Utilization 90%) analysis, ABC-analysis and analysis of average cost of pharmacotherapy. Results. Most frequently used drugs, prescribed in 75-100% of all hospital cases, included 15 names, e.g. 2 antimicrobial drugs (vancomycin and amikacin), 19 were used commonly, including 4 antimicrobial drugs (co-trimoxazole, cefoperazone/sulbactam, tigecyclin and cefepime). Other drugs were used in less than 25% of cases. 33 drugs made 90% of all consumed NDDD, including 5 antimicrobial drugs (vancomycin, amikacin, co-trimoxazole, cefoperazone/sulbactam and tigecyclin). These drugs comprised 70,24% in the prescription structure. The cost of one DDD in DU90% segments (512,33 rubles) is 1,4 higher than in DU10% segment (649,34 rubles). Average cost of drugs included in DU90% group was 4735,89 rubles vs 4966,80 rubles for drugs from DU10% group. This finding shows positive tendency of burn injuries pharmacological treatment. Conclusion. We obtained the data, which can be used for comparison of real clinical practice costs with a current payment rates for medical care.

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Economic Aspects of Mustard Cultivation in Lakhimpur Kheri District of Uttar Pradesh

Indian Journal of Economics and Development ◽

10.35716/ijed/ns20-051 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 520-523

Keyword(s):

Average Cost ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Net Income ◽

Economic Aspects ◽

Positive Relation ◽

Input Output ◽

Output Ratio ◽

Gross Income ◽

Average Size ◽

The Cost

The results revealed that on an overall average size of landholding was estimated to be 0.97 ha. The total cultivated area at all categories of sample farms were found to be irrigated. Overall average, cost of cultivation was estimated `27819.43 per ha. The cost of cultivation showed positive relation with size of holding. The cost of cultivation was highest on medium farms (`32549.25) followed by small (`31528.40 and marginal (`29171.74), respectively. Overall average, cost of production was estimated `2446.44 per hectare. On an average input-output ratio on the basis Costs A1/A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2 were recorded 1:2.86, 1:2.77, 1:1.91, 1:1.89 and 1:1.46, respectively. On the basis of Cost C2 input-output ratio was highest on marginal farms (1:1.47) followed by small (1:1.44) and medium (1:1.43), respectively. Overall average, net income and gross income were found `9859.33 and 40028.69 per ha, respectively.

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