The Use of CAD Systems to Manage Modularity in Multi-Role Warships

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.3940/rina.ws.2019.08 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Rodrigo Pérez Fernández ◽

Erno Peter Cosma

Keyword(s):

Air Conditioning ◽

Careful Analysis ◽

High Potential ◽

Efficient Design ◽

Cad Systems ◽

Future Evolution ◽

General Arrangement ◽

Modular Concept ◽

Clear Vision ◽

Machinery Space

Modulation requires new approaches to the entire shipbuilding process, general arrangement for the warships need careful analysis of interaction and physical connection between modules: electrical, water, air conditioning, etc. and between modules and the elements surrounding them. The analysis of areas with high potential for modulation will lead, by the application of the criteria decided, to a selection of several standard modules to be designed in CAD systems for those cases where it is expected to achieve significant savings by producing series of modules. The appropriate application of the modularization theories demands a difficult exercise of coordination among the design of all the units, systems, zones or disciplines present in the compartments and also direct implications in constructive strategy which will require specific protocols for the correct implementation of the modules during the constructive stages. The implementation of new tools to handle modules in warships is particularly important since it remarkably simplifies the analysis, what leads to a high potential in the improvement of the coordination among design areas and disciplines, and consequently to a more efficient design. The typical outfitting and equipment modules for these areas shall be defined, interfaces to the equipment and specification of cables, pipes and air conditioning systems needed for the module. The goal will be to define a limited number of standard modules, which allows exploiting serial effects and containing a significant part of outfitting in order to achieve savings from pre-outfitting. But the concept of modularization has even a wider meaning for warships when thinking in modularity, not only oriented to the design and constructive advantages but also in the future evolution of these kind of ships in order to be reoriented easily towards different uses, future upgrades or changes that should be realized to be able to undertake different kind of missions thanks to an efficient Plug and Play system. The aim of this paper is to develop concepts and design solutions for modular machinery space, on-board automation and warship equipment. To achieve those possibilities, not only the modularity concept will be necessary, it also needs a clear vision of which will be the lifecycle of the warship and its present and future purposes or possible upgrades in order to create a design. CAD systems are essential tools to provide the vision and the base to design and simulate the different possibilities that a warship would be able to provide thanks to the application of a modular concept during its complete lifecycle.

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Thermal Comfort and Energy Efficient Design of a Central Air Conditioning System of an Educational Institute

10.1007/978-981-16-3428-4_12 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 143-159

Author(s):

Rahul Sharma ◽

Roshan Raman ◽

Omprakash Yadav ◽

Mohammad Shahbaz Khan ◽

Vinod Kumar Yadav

Keyword(s):

Thermal Comfort ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Air Conditioning ◽

Efficient Design ◽

Air Conditioning System ◽

Educational Institute ◽

Central Air Conditioning ◽

Energy Efficient Design

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Expansion Tank Structural Reconstruction for Central Heating Systems With Re-Engineering Consideration and Energetic Losses Minimization

Volume 2: Photovoltaics; Renewable-Non-Renewable Hybrid Power System; Smart Grid, Micro-Grid Concepts; Energy Storage; Solar Chemistry; Solar Heating and Cooling; Sustainable Cities and Communities, Transportation; Symposium on Integrated/Sustainable Building Equipment and Systems; Thermofluid Analysis of Energy Systems Including Exergy and Thermoeconomics; Wind Energy Systems and Technologies ◽

10.1115/es2015-49702 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Hamed Mohsenian ◽

Hossein Ghadamian ◽

Ali Asghar Hamidi ◽

Karim Alizad

Keyword(s):

Air Conditioning ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Efficient Design ◽

Heating Systems ◽

Central Heating ◽

Proposed Model ◽

Energy Auditing ◽

Proper Design ◽

Air Conditioning Systems ◽

Energy Survey

Open expansion tanks are applied vastly in central heating and air-conditioning systems. Central heating systems are subjected to great deals of energy losses, owing to the lack of proper design. In this paper, the structure of Open Expansion Tanks is revised and some modifications for reducing energy and heat loss are made to their elements. Moreover, some common designs available in the market are studied in order to better recognize their defects and capabilities. To reach an efficient design, several scenarios are tested using Computational methods (CFD based). In order to validate the new design, an experimental model was created and heat and energy survey operations were performed. The results of energy auditing were analyzed to show the convergence of numerical and experimental models. Additionally, the proposed model was economically evaluated. The final presented model named “Optimized OET with twin containers” is capable of reducing the energy loss by 85 to 95 percent.

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Phase-out of high GWP refrigerants in refrigeration systems: Status of process in Colombia

Respuestas ◽

10.22463/0122820x.1832 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 65-74

Author(s):

Juan José García Pabón

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Air Conditioning ◽

Scientific Literature ◽

High Potential ◽

Paper Briefly ◽

Production And Consumption ◽

Ozone Depleting Substances ◽

Phase Out ◽

Very High

This article is intended to draw attention of the community in general to the changes that have taken place in refrigeration and air conditioning industry of the HFC refrigerants currently used. The HFCs are not Ozone-depleting substances, but the some HFCs are greenhouse gases with very high potential for global warming (GWPs). Thus, more than 150 countries sign up the Kigali Amendment in 2016, establishing the decreasing of the production and consumption of the HFCs. This paper briefly describes the problems surrounding the HFCs and summarizes the fluids considered as alternatives for the main HFCs used in refrigeration systems presented in the scientific literature. In addition, the outlook and the current situation of the HFC withdrawal process in Colombia are analyzed.

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Energy Efficient Design and Performance of Air Conditioning Buildings in Developing Countries

47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including The New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition ◽

10.2514/6.2009-1017 ◽

2009 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Essam E. Khalil

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Air Conditioning ◽

Efficient Design ◽

Energy Efficient Design ◽

And Performance

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Analysis of Dark-Field Images of Disordered Materials

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100096059 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 560-561

Author(s):

J. M. Cowley

Keyword(s):

Amorphous Materials ◽

Careful Analysis ◽

Dark Field ◽

Minimum Diameter ◽

Statistical Fluctuations ◽

Bright Spots ◽

Sufficient Detail ◽

Random Arrangement ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Imaging Conditions

Recently a number of authors have reported detail in dark-field images obtained from diffuse-scattering regions of electron diffraction patterns. Bright spots in images from short-range order diffuse peaks of disordered binary alloys have been interpreted as evidence for the existence of microdomains of ordered lattice or of segragated clusters of one component. Spotty contrast in dark field images of near-amorphous materials has been interpreted as evidence for the existense of microcrystals. Without a careful analysis of the imaging conditions such conclusions may be invalid. Usually the conditions of the experiment have not been specified in sufficient detail to allow evaluation of the conclusions.Elementary considerations show that even for a completely random arrangement of atoms the statistical fluctuations of density will give a spotty contrast with spots of minimum diameter determined by the dark field aperture size and other factors influencing the minimum resolvable distance under darkfield imaging conditions, including fluctuations and drift over long exposure times (resolution usually 10Å or more).

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Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2014.marapr04 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 11-15

Author(s):

Steven L. Demeter

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽

Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽

Left Ventricular Mass Index ◽

Medical Science ◽

Careful Analysis ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Hypertensive Disease ◽

Accurate Analysis ◽

Clear Explanation

Abstract The fourth, fifth, and sixth editions of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) use left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) as a variable to determine impairment caused by hypertensive disease. The issue of LVH, as assessed echocardiographically, is a prime example of medical science being at odds with legal jurisprudence. Some legislatures have allowed any cause of LVH in a hypertensive individual to be an allowed manifestation of hypertensive changes. This situation has arisen because a physician can never say that no component of LVH was not caused by the hypertension, even in an individual with a cardiomyopathy or valvular disorder. This article recommends that evaluators consider three points: if the cause of the LVH is hypertension, is the examinee at maximum medical improvement; is the LVH caused by hypertension or another factor; and, if apportionment is allowed, then a careful analysis of the risk factors for other disorders associated with LVH is necessary. The left ventricular mass index should be present in the echocardiogram report and can guide the interpretation of the alleged LVH; if not present, it should be requested because it facilitates a more accurate analysis. Further, if the cause of the LVH is more likely independent of the hypertension, then careful reasoning and an explanation should be included in the impairment report. If hypertension is only a partial cause, a reasoned analysis and clear explanation of the apportionment are required.

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