The height dependence of fat-free mass, fat mass, and bone mineral content: insights into the body mass index

Abstract Obesity has been linked with vitamin D deficiency in a number of cross-sectional studies, reviews and meta-analyses. The aim of the present study was to assess the correlations of plasma 25(OH) vitamin D levels with indices of body composition examined by DXA with an emphasis on lean and bone mass as well as on indices such as android/gynoid fat, appendicular lean mass, fat-mass indexes (FMI) and fat-free mass indexes (FFMI). 62 adult subjects consented to participate – 27 men (43.5%) and 35 women (56.5%). Their mean age was 45.3 ± 9.5 years. Fan-beam dual-energy X-ray (DXA) body composition analysis was performed on a Lunar Prodigy Pro bone densitometer with software version 12.30. Vitamin D was measured by electro-hemi-luminescent detection as 25(OH) D Total (ECLIA, Elecsys 2010 analyzer, Roche Diagnostics). Statistical analyses were done using the SPSS 23.0 statistical package. The serum 25(OH)D level was correlated significantly only to the whole body bone mineral content, the appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) and the ALM-to-BMI index, underlining a predominant role for lean and fat-free mass. Vitamin D showed a very weak correlation to % Body Fat and the Fat Mass Index (FMI) in men only. Moreover, the multiple regression equation including the associated parameters could explain only 7% of the variation in the serum 25(OH) D levels. Our conclusion was, that there are differences in the associations of the vitamin D levels with the different body composition indices, but these associations are generally very weak and therefore – negligible.

Download Full-text

TRUNK BODY MASS INDEX: A NEW REFERENCE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF BODY MASS DISTRIBUTION

ABCD Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo) ◽

10.1590/0102-672020180001e1362 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mariane TAKESIAN ◽

Marco Aurelio SANTO ◽

Alexandre Vieira GADDUCCI ◽

Gabriela Correia de Faria SANTARÉM ◽

Julia GREVE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Mass Distribution ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Preoperative Evaluation ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Super Obesity ◽

Obesity Class

ABSTRACT Background: Body mass index (BMI) has some limitations for nutritional diagnosis since it does not represent an accurate measure of body fat and it is unable to identify predominant fat distribution. Aim: To develop a BMI based on the ratio of trunk mass and height. Methods: Fifty-seven patients in preoperative evaluation to bariatric surgery were evaluated. The preoperative anthropometric evaluation assessed weight, height and BMI. The body composition was evaluated by bioimpedance, obtaining the trunk fat free mass and fat mass, and trunk height. Trunk BMI (tBMI) was calculated by the sum of the measurements of the trunk fat free mass (tFFM) and trunk fat mass (tFM) in kg, divided by the trunk height squared (m2)). The calculation of the trunk fat BMI (tfBMI) was calculated by tFM, in kg, divided by the trunk height squared (m2)). For the correction and adjustment of the tBMI and tfBMI, it was calculated the relation between trunk extension and height, multiplying by the obtained indexes. Results: The mean data was: weight 125.3±19.5 kg, height 1.63±0.1 m, BMI was 47±5 kg/m2) and trunk height was 0.52±0,1 m, tFFM was 29.05±4,8 kg, tFM was 27.2±3.7 kg, trunk mass index was 66.6±10.3 kg/m², and trunk fat was 32.3±5.8 kg/m². In 93% of the patients there was an increase in obesity class using the tBMI. In patients with grade III obesity the tBMI reclassified to super obesity in 72% of patients and to super-super obesity in 24% of the patients. Conclusion: The trunk BMI is simple and allows a new reference for the evaluation of the body mass distribution, and therefore a new reclassification of the obesity class, evidencing the severity of obesity in a more objectively way.

Download Full-text

The Effects of Football Practice on Nutritional Status and Body Composition in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13082562 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 2562

Author(s):

Antonio Hernandez-Martin ◽

Jorge Garcia-Unanue ◽

Alejandro Martinez-Rodriguez ◽

Samuel Manzano-Carrasco ◽

Jose Luis Felipe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Body Composition ◽

Bone Mineral Content ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Mean Difference

Dietary patterns, exercise, sport, and physical activity have been shown to improve body composition in children. This systematic review with meta-analysis analyzed the effects of practicing football on body composition (fat mass, lean body mass, and bone mineral content) in children. An initial search in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus was carried out in April 2021 to identify relevant articles. Inclusion criteria required children up to 12 years of age with a minimum football intervention duration of 10 weeks. Methodological quality of the articles was evaluated using the PEDro scale. Between the 1803 articles originally founded, only 14 articles were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 1643 subjects between the 14 studies were identified. The review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and used Review Manager and Full Meta-Analysis software. The results between the control and experimental groups showed significantly better lean body mass and fat mass values in the experimental group (p < 0.05). Football practice was positively associated with increases in lean body mass (mean difference of 1.55; 95% CI, 0.96, 2.15), decreases in fat mass (mean difference of −0.81; 95% CI, −1.49, −0.13), and increases in whole body bone mineral content (mean difference of 117.68; 95% CI, 83.69, 151.67). In conclusion, the results of this systematic review with meta-analysis suggest that football positively affects body composition in children. However, further research is needed to confirm the results for bone mineral content.

Download Full-text

Childhood single skinfold thickness is a better predictor for adult relative fat mass in females than the body mass index: Data from a 30-year longitudinal growth study

European Journal of Sport Science ◽

10.1080/17461390802195686 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 287-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jan Taeymans ◽

Marcel Hebbelinck ◽

Jan Borms ◽

Peter Clarys ◽

William Duquet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Skinfold Thickness ◽

The Body ◽

Longitudinal Growth ◽

Growth Study ◽

Index Data ◽

Body Mass Index Data

Download Full-text

Associations of Body Mass Index and Anthropometric Indicators of Fat Mass and Fat Free Mass with All-cause Mortality among Women in the First and Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys Follow-up Studies

Annals of Epidemiology ◽

10.1016/s1047-2797(02)00417-9 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 286-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

S Zhu

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

National Health ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Anthropometric Indicators ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Follow Up Studies ◽

All Cause Mortality

Download Full-text

Seasonal and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition by Sport-Position in NCAA Division I Basketball Athletes

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports6030085 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 85 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jennifer Fields ◽

Justin Merrigan ◽

Jason White ◽

Margaret Jones

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Strength And Conditioning ◽

Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽

Within Subjects

The purpose of this study was to assess the body composition of male and female basketball athletes (n = 323) across season, year, and sport-position using air displacement plethysmography. An independent sample t-test assessed sport-position differences. An analysis of variance was used to assess within-subjects across season (pre-season, in-season, and off-season), and academic year (freshman, sophomore, and junior). For both men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes, guards had the lowest body fat, fat mass, fat free mass, and body mass. No seasonal differences were observed in MBB, but following in-season play for WBB, a reduction of (p = 0.03) in fat free mass (FFM) was observed. Across years, MBB showed an increase in FFM from freshman to sophomore year, yet remained unchanged through junior year. For WBB across years, no differences occurred for body mass (BM), body fat (BF%), and fat mass (FM), yet FFM increased from sophomore to junior year (p = 0.009). Sport-position differences exist in MBB and WBB: Guards were found to be smaller and leaner than forwards. Due to the importance of body composition (BC) on athletic performance, along with seasonal and longitudinal shifts in BC, strength and conditioning practitioners should periodically assess athletes BC to ensure preservation of FFM. Training and nutrition programming can then be adjusted in response to changes in BC.

Download Full-text