Acclimation Improves Short-Term Survival of Hatchery Lahontan Cutthroat Trout in Water From Saline, Alkaline Walker Lake, Nevada

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Bigelow ◽  
Wendy M. Rauw ◽  
Luis Gomez-Raya
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Walker Lake ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarkii ◽  
Lahontan Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Tank Water

Abstract We investigated the effectiveness of two acclimation protocols for 8-month-old Lahontan cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi, reared at Lahontan National Fish Hatchery in terms of survival during a week-long challenge in water from saline, alkaline Walker Lake, Nevada. Fish were acclimated for 0 (control), 3, and 8 d by increasing the ratio of lake water to hatchery water. For the 3-d acclimation treatment, 50% of the tank water was replaced with lake water each day. For the 8-d treatment, 33% of the water was replaced with lake water on the first through fourth day of acclimation. Survival during acclimation (i.e., prior to the challenge) was lowest for fish acclimated 3 d. Median survival time during the lake water challenge was 8 h for unacclimated fish, and 8 and 12 h for fish surviving the 3- and 8-d acclimation treatments, respectively. No fish survived the entire week-long challenge. Compared with no acclimation, 3- and 8-d acclimation decreased the hazard of mortality during the challenge. Increased fork length also reduced the hazard of death. Our results indicate acceptable survival rates cannot be achieved for subyearling, hatchery-reared Lahontan cutthroat trout stocked in Walker Lake without acclimation or with the acclimation methods employed in this study. Our results indicate that the acclimation method might be improved by the use of longer fish, longer acclimation, and better control of water temperature, ammonia concentration, and alkalinity.

Factors influencing coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) seasonal survival rates: a spatially continuous approach within stream networks

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. Berger ◽  
Robert E. Gresswell
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Watershed Scale ◽  
Stream Networks ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarkii ◽  
Discharge Temperature ◽  
Coastal Cutthroat Trout

Mark–recapture methods were used to examine watershed-scale survival of coastal cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii ) from two headwater stream networks. A total of 1725 individuals (≥100 mm, fork length) were individually marked and monitored seasonally over a 3-year period. Differences in survival were compared among spatial (stream segment, subwatershed, and watershed) and temporal (season and year) analytical scales, and the effects of abiotic (discharge, temperature, and cover) and biotic (length, growth, condition, density, movement, and relative fish abundance) factors were evaluated. Seasonal survival was consistently lowest and least variable (years combined) during autumn (16 September – 15 December), and evidence suggested that survival was negatively associated with periods of low stream discharge. In addition, relatively low (–) and high (+) water temperatures, fish length (–), and boulder cover (+) were weakly associated with survival. Seasonal abiotic conditions affected the adult cutthroat trout population in these watersheds, and low-discharge periods (e.g., autumn) were annual survival bottlenecks. Results emphasize the importance of watershed-scale processes to the understanding of population-level survival.

Cutthroat Trout: Evolutionary Biology and Taxonomy

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Westslope Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarkii ◽  
Coastal Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Lahontan Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Museum Samples ◽  
Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout ◽  
The 1960S

<em>Abstract</em>.—There has been considerable interest in the systematics and classification of Cutthroat Trout since the 1800s. Cutthroat Trout native to western North America (currently classified as <em>Oncorhynchus clarkii</em>) have historically been grouped or separated using many different classification schemes. Since the 1960s, Robert Behnke has been a leader in these efforts. Introductions of nonnative trout (other forms of Cutthroat Trout, and Rainbow Trout <em>O. mykiss</em>) have obscured some historical patterns of distribution and differentiation. Morphological and meristic analyses have often grouped the various forms of Cutthroat Trout together based on the shared presence of the “cutthroat mark,” high scale counts along the lateral line, and the presence of basibranchial teeth. Spotting patterns and counts of gill rakers and pyloric caeca have in some cases been helpful in differentiation of groups (e.g., Coastal Cutthroat Trout <em>O. c. clarkii</em>, Lahontan Cutthroat Trout <em>O. c. henshawi</em>, and Westslope Cutthroat Trout <em>O. c. lewisi</em>) currently classified as subspecies. The historical genetic methods of allozyme genotyping through protein electrophoresis and chromosome analyses were often helpful in differentiating the various subspecies of Cutthroat Trout. Allozyme genotyping allowed four major groups to be readily recognized (Coastal Cutthroat Trout, Westslope Cutthroat Trout, the Lahontan Cutthroat Trout subspecies complex, and Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout <em>O. c. bouvieri </em>subspecies complex) while chromosome analyses showed similarity between the Lahontan and Yellowstone Cutthroat trout subspecies complex trout (possibly reflecting shared ancestral type) and differentiated the Coastal and Westslope Cutthroat trouts from each other and those two groups. DNA results may yield higher resolution of evolutionary relationships of Cutthroat Trout and allow incorporation of ancient museum samples. Accurate resolution of taxonomic differences among various Cutthroat Trout lineages, and hybridization assessments, requires several approaches and will aid in conservation of these charismatic and increasingly rare native fishes.

scholarly journals Growth of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout from multiple sources re-introduced into Sagehen Creek, CA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Stead ◽  
Virginia L. Boucher ◽  
Peter B. Moyle ◽  
Andrew L. Rypel
Keyword(s):  
Key Management ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Brood Stock ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarkii ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lahontan Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Us Endangered Species Act ◽  
Growth Experiments ◽  
Lake Fish

Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi have experienced massive declines in their native range and are now a threatened species under the US Endangered Species Act. A key management goal for this species is re-establishing extirpated populations using translocations and conservation hatcheries. In California USA, two broodstocks (Pilot Peak and Independence Lake) are available for translocation, in addition to potential wild sources. Yet suitability of these sources for re-introduction in different ecosystem types and regions remains an open and important topic. We conducted growth experiments using Lahontan Cutthroat Trout stocked into Sagehen Creek, CA USA. Experiments evaluated both available broodstocks and a smaller sample of wild fish translocated from a nearby creek. Fish from the Independence Lake source had significantly higher growth in weight and length compared to the other sources. Further, Independence Lake fish were the only stock that gained weight on average over the duration of the experiment. Our experiments suggest fish from the Independence Lake brood stock may be useful for re-introduction efforts into small montane headwater streams in California.

Cutthroat Trout: Evolutionary Biology and Taxonomy

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Evolutionarily Significant Unit ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarkii ◽  
Northern Nevada ◽  
Lahontan Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Carson River ◽  
Evolutionary Units

<em>Abstract</em>.—Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (LCT) <em>Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi </em>and Paiute Cutthroat Trout (PCT) <em>O. c. selernis </em>are found in the Lahontan hydrographic basin of northern Nevada, northeastern California, and southeastern Oregon and together form the Lahontan Basin evolutionary lineage of Cutthroat Trout <em>O. clarkii</em>. The Alvord Cutthroat Trout <em>O. c. </em>ssp. native to the Alvord Lake subbasin in the northwestern Lahontan Basin was also part of this lineage but went extinct due to Rainbow Trout <em>O. mykiss </em>introgression in the mid-20th century. Both LCT and PCT are federally listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Given its historic distribution in a single small stream and both phenotypic and genetic distinctiveness, PCT is currently recognized as a separate evolutionarily significant unit (ESU). For LCT, three ESUs are identified based upon meristic, morphological, ecological, and genetic data. These putative LCT ESUs separate lacustrine forms in the western Lahontan Basin (Truckee, Carson, and Walker River basins) from largely fluvial forms in the eastern Lahontan Basin (Humboldt and Reese River basins) and northwestern Lahontan Basin (Quinn River, Coyote Lake, and Summit Lake basins). The more recent recognition of a much longer evolutionary history of Cutthroat Trout and several influential genetic papers identifying previously unrecognized diversity within Cutthroat Trout have prompted a need to re-evaluate the overall taxonomy of this species. Here, we review earlier literature and draw on new information from recent studies to delineate uniquely identifiable evolutionary units within the Lahontan Basin lineage of Cutthroat Trout. Though in several cases various anthropogenic and natural influences have made definitive conclusions difficult, based on this collective information and the goal of conserving potentially important genetic, evolutionary, and life history diversity, we propose recognition of six uniquely identifiable evolutionary units within the Lahontan Cutthroat Trout lineage: (1) Paiute Cutthroat Trout—upper East Carson River; (2) western Lahontan Basin—Truckee, Walker, and Carson rivers together with Summit Lake; (3) northwestern Lahontan Basin—Quinn River; (4) eastern Lahontan Basin—Humboldt and Reese rivers; (5) Lake Alvord basin—Virgin-Thousand and Trout Creek drainages; and (6) Coyote Lake basin—Willow and Whitehorse rivers.

scholarly journals Population connectivity of adfluvial and stream-resident Lahontan cutthroat trout: implications for resilience, management, and restoration

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Campbell ◽  
James Simmons ◽  
Jessica Sáenz ◽  
Christopher L. Jerde ◽  
William Cowan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Population Viability ◽  
Population Connectivity ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarkii ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Trout Population ◽  
Lahontan Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Resilience Management ◽  
Stream Depth

Population connectivity between resident and migratory cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii ssp.) is understudied, but has implications for population viability and management. We examined evidence for stream residency, studied the spatial patterns of stream use by adfluvial and stream-resident trout, and measured migration rates with changing stream depth for Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi) in the Summit Lake Basin, Nevada (USA). Passive integrated transponder technology and a fry trap were used to track fish movements and identify the distribution of resident and adfluvial trout. Stream residents were distributed throughout the network. Adfluvial spawners concentrated in lower reaches, but also migrated up to 12.9 km. Adfluvial juveniles migrated to the lake from lower reaches and from upstream of adfluvial spawners. High stream depths coincided with more adfluvial juveniles migrating to the lake and more adfluvial spawners moving into the stream, which led to more accessing the upper watershed. This work shows that connectivity is central to adfluvial–resident Lahontan cutthrout trout population dynamics and may lead to increased probability of persistence — a characteristic of these isolated, threatened trout populations.

Evolutionary potential but not extinction risk of Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi) is associated with stream characteristics

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary M. Peacock ◽  
Ned A. Dochtermann
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarkii ◽  
Lahontan Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Habitat Variables

Habitat fragmentation represents a major extinction threat for species of all taxa. Isolated populations have a higher risk of local extinction because of environmental variability and demographic processes associated with small populations. Here we examine the relationships among isolation, habitat size, habitat characteristics and variability, and genetic effective population size with extinction risk for 10 isolated and three interconnected populations of Lahontan cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi ) sampled from throughout their range. Contrary to expectations, we did not find a relationship between most habitat variables and extinction risk. However, we did find strong relationships between habitat variables and genetic effective population size, including a significant negative correlation between pool density and effective population size. Small effective population sizes can result in reduced genetic variation and losses of evolutionary potential and adaptability to changing environments. The absence of strong habitat correlates with extinction risk — despite an observed relationship with effective population size — highlights the need to consider habitat diversity at multiple spatial scales when considering management scenarios to both promote population persistence and maintain evolutionary relevance.

scholarly journals Application of multistate modeling to estimate salmonid survival and movement in relation to spatial and temporal variation in metal exposure in a mining-impacted river

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 2057-2068
Author(s):  
Mariah P. Mayfield ◽  
Thomas E. McMahon ◽  
Jay J. Rotella ◽  
Robert E. Gresswell ◽  
Trevor Selch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Westslope Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarkii ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta

Multistate modeling was used to estimate survival and movement of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) in relation to copper concentrations in the mining-impacted Clark Fork River, Montana. Survival probability in the uppermost river segment, where dissolved copper concentrations frequently exceeded acute criteria for aquatic life (range: 31–60 days > 13.4 μg·L–1), was 2.1 times lower for brown trout and 122 times lower for westslope cutthroat trout compared with survival rates in the lowermost segment that had relatively low dissolved copper (0 days exceedance of acute concentration). Lowest survival for both species occurred in the spring–summer period when dissolved copper concentrations were elevated coincident with higher discharge. Movement among study segments was generally low, and cutthroat trout showed low movement into the uppermost river segment with the most elevated copper levels. Both species showed high rates of movement into tributaries, which coincided with their respective spawning migrations rather than as an apparent avoidance of elevated copper levels. The linkage between survival rate and level of copper exposure for both trout species suggests that additional removal of tailings deposits could improve survival rates.

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