The optimization of freezing extenders is an essential issue for enhancing boar sperm cryosurvival. The aim of the present study was to disclose the role of glucose concentration of freezing extender on the metabolic activity of frozen–thawed spermatozoa. To achieve it, pooled sperm-rich ejaculate fractions from 5 mature and fertile boars (3 ejaculates per boar) were collected using the gloved-hand method. After centrifugation (2400g for 3 min), the sperm pellet was split into 7 aliquots. The aliquots were diluted to a final concentration of 1 × 109 sperm mL–1, in a Tris-citric extender supplemented with 20% egg-yolk, 3% glycerol, and 0, 0.05, 2, 4, 10, 55, or 185 mm glucose. All the extenders were adjusted to a pH of 6.8 and 310 mOsm kg–1 to avoid osmolarity effects. Extended semen samples were dispensed into 0.5-mL straws, and frozen in a programmable cell freezer at 20°C min–1. Thawing was carried out in a water bath at 37°C for 20 s. Afterward, an analysis of protein phosphorylation in tyrosine residues was carried out through bi-dimensional electrophoresis followed by a Western blot analysis. This analysis indicated that sperm samples frozen in extenders without glucose showed specific changes in the tyrosine phosphorylation pattern compared with fresh sperm. Furthermore, the addition of glucose in increasing concentrations to the freezing extender was accompanied by a concentration-dependent decrease in the overall tyrosine phosphorylation pattern, especially in proteins with a molecular weight ranging from 150 to 200 kDa and an acidic isoelectric point (pI). The maximal decrease was observed in spermatozoa frozen in the extender containing 185 mm glucose, in which an additional decrease in the tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins ranging from 60 to 80 kDa, and a basic pI was also observed. These results suggest that glucose is a modulator in the resistance of boar sperm to support freezing and thawing process, because the precise protein phosphorylation pattern of spermatozoa is directly linked to their functional status. In this way, a precise control of the glucose concentration of the freezing extender would be required to improve boar sperm cryoresistance.
Supported by CICYT (AGL2005-00760 and AGL2004-04756-C02-02/GAN), Madrid and GERM (04543/07), Murcia, Spain.
Conditioning of excess activated sludge by freezing and thawing process
