Comparative analysis of various sources of selenium on the growth performance and antioxidant status in broilers under heat stress

The supplementation of Selenium-enriched probiotics is effective in reducing oxidative stress and maintaining meat quality stability in broiler chicken especially under heat stress. An experimental study was conducted to perform Comparative analysis of Selenium yeast with inorganic Se in broilers under heat stress. A total of 120 broilers chicks of one day were assigned to 4 groups each consisting 30 chicks fed on same basal diet but different selenium sources. The basal diet of group D1 was not supplemented with Se source (Negative control), group D2 basal diet was supplemented with inorganic selenium (Sodium selenite 0.22mg/Kg starter phase and 0.15mg/Kg finisher phase), group D3 basal diet was supplemented with commercially available organic selenium (Seleno-methionine 0.22mg/Kg starter phase and 0.15mg/Kg finisher phase) and group D4 basal diet was supplemented with self-developed organic selenium (Se-enriched yeast 0.22mg/Kg starter phase and 0.15mg/Kg finisher phase). The performance parameters i.e. feed intake (FI), live body weight (BW) and FCR were not significantly (p>0.05) effected by selenium supplementation in the starter phase but were significantly (p<0.05) effected in the finisher phase. Selenium supplementation significantly (p<0.05) effected serum Se level in different supplemented groups. Higher serum Se value (58.20±0.06) was recorded in D4 group. Similarly significantly lower selenium value was recorded for D4 and higher was recorded for D1 (11.36±0.08). However lower serum Paraoxonase (PON) value was recorded for D4 (13.24±0.01) and higher for D1 (13.33±0.03). Comparatively self-developed Se enriched yeast increased the Se accumulation and improved antioxidant system. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was found higher in D4 (12.333±0.03) followed by D3, D2 and D1 respectively. Whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly lower (p<0.05) in D4 (0.1437±0.003) followed by D3 (0.1457±0.002). Selenium supplementation increased the bird’s survival rate. Birds fed on Se enriched yeast showed higher Se deposition and better antioxidant capacity as compared to other sources of selenium. Se-enriched yeast displayed an improved result on Se deposition in tissues, and oxidative capacity, meat tenderness and immune response level as compared to other sources of selenium.

Effect of energy and dose of vitamin E selenium on improving the reproduction performance of Joper brood stock

Production performance in Joper broodstock can be improved through increased feed energy and vitamin E-selenium supplementation. This study used 400 laying hens Isa Brown aged 35 weeks and 15 Sentul rooster aged 68 weeks. This study used a factorial completely randomized design with 2 factors, namely metabolic energy levels (2,700 and 2,800 kcal/kg) and vitamin E-selenium supplementation doses (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) where each treatment used 10 laying hens and repeated 4 times. The dose of selenium is 0.001 ppm/mg vitamin E. The energy level has a very significant effect (P < 0.01) on (feed, protein and energy) intake and HDP. The dose level of vitamin E- selenium in feed had a very significant effect (P < 0.01) on HDP and significant (P < 0.05) on (feed, protein and energy) intake and FCR. The interaction between the two has a very significant effect (P < 0.01) on HDP. The average feed intake 113-115 g/day, protein intake 21.90-22.20 g/day and energy intake 308-317 kcal/bird. HDP 76.70-83.00%. The conclusion of this study is that feed with metabolic energy of 2800kcal/kg and vitamin E-selenium supplementation at a dose of 100 ppm can improve the productivity of Joper broodstock.

Supplementation of vitamin E and selenium in different diets on performance of IPB D-2 chicken during developer-layer period

Supplementation of vitamin E and selenium improved the productivity of livestock. This study aims to evaluate the effect of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on different diets of IPB D-2 chickens during 15-21 weeks. Completely randomized factorial 2 x 2 (factor A was diet type and factor B was vitamin E supplementation) and five replications was used in this experiment. The variables observed were performance, blood profile, organ immunity and percentage of carcass weight. The results showed that diet type had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on feed consumption in the developer and layer periods and had a highly significant effect (P < 0.01) on feed consumption in the pre-layer period and body weight gain in the layer period. Vitamin E and selenium supplementation had a significant effect (P > 0.05) on pre-layer feed consumption. The blood profile was in normal range with optimal stress levels. There was significantly interaction (P < 0.05) between diet type and vitamin E supplementation on carcass percentage and highly significantly interaction (P < 0.01) on layer feed conversion. Parameters of immune organ and egg production were not affected by treatment. The diet type was reduced by 5% from the standard with supplementation vitamin E dan selenium showed the best result for IPB D-2 chicken performance.

Thyroid Autoimmunity: Exploring the Role of Th17-associated Cytokines and Pathomorphological Mechanisms Involved in the Pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Graves’ Disease. Summary of the Doctoral Thesis

The prevalence and incidence of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), presenting as Graves’ disease (GD) or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), has increased significantly in recent decades. It is crucial to identify immunological and pathomorphological factors involved in thyroid autoimmunity. Classically, HT has long been considered as a T helper (Th)1-mediated disease, while a Th2-driven autoimmune response is dominant for GD. Recently, Th17 cells have been established to play a role in the pathogenesis of AITD, however, their contribution to the initiation and progression of AITD remains unclear. Furthermore, selenium deficiency can impair the differentiation of Th cells, leading to dysfunction of cellular and humoral response. The aim of this thesis was to explore the role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of HT and GD by the use of different morphology methods and xMAP technology, and correlating these data with the selenium status. The initial study included 29 adult patients with AITD who underwent thyroidectomy, whereas subsequent clinical research project involved 52 patients with newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve AITD, as well as 26 healthy subjects served as controls. The plasma levels of Th17-associated cytokines – interleukin (IL)-17, IL-22, IL-23, IL-6, and IL-10 and the distribution and levels of immunoexpression IL-17, IL-23, and IL-1β within thyroid tissue were measured to characterize Th17 immune response in AITD. The integrity of the thyroid follicle by studying immunoexpression of cellular tight junctions – zonula occludens-1 and claudin-1 proteins, coupled to IL-17 and CD68, was explored. In addition, the selenium status was assessed. No significant differences in the plasma levels of Th17-associated cytokines were found among the patients with AITD and control subjects. However, the expression level of IL-17 in the thyrocytes was significantly higher in the HT and GD patients than in controls, simultaneously correlating with IL-23 and IL-1β immunopositivity in the HT group. Plasma Th17-associated cytokines’ levels were positively correlated with the severity of hyperthyroidism, independent of autoantibody levels, thus suggesting their possible role in GD pathogenesis. The changes in molecules of thyrocyte junctional complexes highlighting impairment of the integrity of thyroid follicle in HT were observed, but no significant association with IL-17 was found. Although no difference in selenium levels was observed between the AITD patients and controls, the results of the given research suggest the selenium status of the Latvian patients with newly diagnosed GD or HT is at a suboptimal level. Plasma selenium levels were negatively correlated with anti-thyroperoxidase (TPO) autoantibody titres in the HT patients, thus supporting the immunomodulatory role of selenium in AITD. Moreover, HT patients with higher anti-TPO autoantibody levels had lower levels of selenium, suggesting that these patients might benefit from selenium supplementation. Essential information deepening our knowledge about thyroid autoimmunity was obtained conducting this research, however, further experimental studies exploring the role and regulatory effects of Th17-related cytokines in the pathogenesis of AITD are required. More data from clinical studies are needed for a better understanding of the relationship between selenium supplementation and immune response.

Thyroid Autoimmunity: Exploring the Role of Th17-associated Cytokines and Pathomorphological Mechanisms Involved in the Pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Graves’ Disease. Doctoral Thesis

The prevalence and incidence of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), presenting as Graves’ disease (GD) or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), has increased significantly in recent decades. It is crucial to identify immunological and pathomorphological factors involved in thyroid autoimmunity. Classically, HT has long been considered as a T helper (Th)1-mediated disease, while a Th2-driven autoimmune response is dominant for GD. Recently, Th17 cells have been established to play a role in the pathogenesis of AITD, however, their contribution to the initiation and progression of AITD remains unclear. Furthermore, selenium deficiency can impair the differentiation of Th cells, leading to dysfunction of cellular and humoral response. The aim of this thesis was to explore the role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of HT and GD by the use of different morphology methods and xMAP technology, and correlating these data with the selenium status. The initial study included 29 adult patients with AITD who underwent thyroidectomy, whereas subsequent clinical research project involved 52 patients with newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve AITD, as well as 26 healthy subjects served as controls. The plasma levels of Th17-associated cytokines – interleukin (IL)-17, IL-22, IL-23, IL-6, and IL-10 and the distribution and levels of immunoexpression IL-17, IL-23, and IL-1β within thyroid tissue were measured to characterize Th17 immune response in AITD. The integrity of the thyroid follicle by studying immunoexpression of cellular tight junctions – zonula occludens-1 and claudin-1 proteins, coupled to IL-17 and CD68, was explored. In addition, the selenium status was assessed. No significant differences in the plasma levels of Th17-associated cytokines were found among the patients with AITD and control subjects. However, the expression level of IL-17 in the thyrocytes was significantly higher in the HT and GD patients than in controls, simultaneously correlating with IL-23 and IL-1β immunopositivity in the HT group. Plasma Th17-associated cytokines’ levels were positively correlated with the severity of hyperthyroidism, independent of autoantibody levels, thus suggesting their possible role in GD pathogenesis. The changes in molecules of thyrocyte junctional complexes highlighting impairment of the integrity of thyroid follicle in HT were observed, but no significant association with IL-17 was found. Although no difference in selenium levels was observed between the AITD patients and controls, the results of the given research suggest the selenium status of the Latvian patients with newly diagnosed GD or HT is at a suboptimal level. Plasma selenium levels were negatively correlated with anti-thyroperoxidase (TPO) autoantibody titres in the HT patients, thus supporting the immunomodulatory role of selenium in AITD. Moreover, HT patients with higher anti-TPO autoantibody levels had lower levels of selenium, suggesting that these patients might benefit from selenium supplementation. Essential information deepening our knowledge about thyroid autoimmunity was obtained conducting this research, however, further experimental studies exploring the role and regulatory effects of Th17-related cytokines in the pathogenesis of AITD are required. More data from clinical studies are needed for a better understanding of the relationship between selenium supplementation and immune response.

Interaction Effect of Vitamin E-selenium Supplementation and Metabolic Energy on Reproductive Performance of Joper Breeders

The side effect of fatty acid oxidation during lippoprotein synthesis is the release of oxygen in the tissue called reactive oxygen species (ROS). Metabolic stress in Joper brooders due to an imbalance between ROS and antioxidants causes a decrease in hatching egg production and quality. Therefore, research is needed to improve the reproductive performance of Joper broodstock by combining vitamin E-selenium supplementation and metabolic energy. This study used 200 hatched eggs resulting from a cross between 60 weeks old Sentul males and 35 weeks old ISA BROWN laying hens that had been treated. This study used a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) (2 x 4). The first factor is the energy level (2700 and 2800 kcal/kg) and the second factor is the dose of vitamin E-selenium supplementation (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm). Selenium dosage is 1ppm/mg vitamin E. The interaction between vitamin E-selenium supplementation and energy had a very significant effect (P&lt;0.01) in increasing DOC weight. The single factor energy level and vitamin E-selenium supplementation significantly (p&lt;0.05) in reducing embryo mortality and increasing hatchability, while fertility and eggshell quality were not affected by the two treatment factors. The conclusion of this study is the interaction between vitamin E-selenium supplementation and energy levels can increase the weight of Joper's DOC, while the single factor of vitamin E-selenium supplementation and energy levels can reduce embryo mortality and increase hatchability. The best interaction with 100 ppm vitamin E-selenium supplementation and energy 2800 kcal/kg.

The Impact of Selenium on the Rhizosphere Microbiome of a Hyperaccumulation Plant Cardamine Violifolia

Cardamine violifolia is the only selenium hyperaccumulation plant found in China. It has been developed as a source of medicinal and edible products for selenium supplementation of human. It is essential to increase selenium content of C. violifolia for nutrient biofortification and many planting approaches have been developed to achieve this aim. However, the contribution of rhizosphere microbes of C. violifolia to the selenium enrichment has not been investigated. In this study, four types of selenium, i.e., selenate, selenite, nanoparticles element selenium from Bacillus subtilis, and organic selenium from yeast, was added to the soil for the growth of C. violifolia, respectively. Selenate had the highest accumulation in C. violifolia, following by selenite, B. subtilis-Se, and yeast-Se. Except for yeast-Se, the concentration of selenium in C. violifolia is positively correlated with the amount of selenium added in the soil. Furthermore, different exogenous selenium exhibited distinct effects on the rhizosphere microbiome of C. violifolia. Both Alpha diversity and Beta diversity analyses displayed that rhizosphere microbiome were more obviously affected by selenium from B. subtilis and yeast than that of selenate and selenite. Different microbial species were enriched in the rhizosphere of C. violifolia under various exogenous selenium treatments. B. subtilis-Se application enhanced the abundance of Leucobacter, Sporosarcina, Patulibacter, and Denitrobacter, and Yeast-Se application enriched the abundance of Singulishaera, Lactobacillus, Bdellovirio, and Bosea. Bosea and the taxon belonging to the order of Solirubrobacterales was enriched in the samples with selenite and selenite addition, respectively, and their abundance was linearly related to the concentration of selenate and selenite application in the rhizosphere of C. violifolia. In summary, this study revealed the response of the rhizosphere microbiome of C. violifolia to exogenous selenium and it is of help to develop suitable selenium fertilizers to increase selenium hyperaccumulation level of this plant.