<p>While the deep granitic basement in the Upper Rhine Graben is currently being exploited as a geothermal reservoir at numerous geothermal sites, the Permo-Triassic sandstones that lie directly above the granite are critical to continued regional hydrothermal convection. Here we investigate the propensity for variably sealed fractures to be reactivated during deformation and the role this fracture reactivation plays on permeability enhancement in geothermal reservoirs. We source un-fractured, bedded sandstones and the same bedded sandstones containing a single, variably-sealed fracture from a 400 m-thick unit of Permo-Triassic sandstone sampled from the EPS-1 exploration well near Soultz-sous-For&#234;ts (France) in the Upper Rhine Graben.</p><p>31 cylindrical samples (20 mm in diameter and 40 mm long) were cored such that their dominant structural feature (i.e. bedding or natural fracture) was oriented parallel, perpendicular, or at 30&#176; to the sample axis. The initial permeability of the un-fractured samples ranged between 2.5&#215;10<sup>-17</sup> and 5.6&#215;10<sup>-16</sup> m<sup>2</sup> and between 3.6&#215;10<sup>-16</sup> and 3.3&#215;10<sup>-14</sup> m<sup>2</sup> for naturally fractured samples. In un-fractured samples, permeability decreases as a function of increased bedding angle; fracture orientation, however, does not appear to have a discernable influence on permeability. Samples were water-saturated and deformed until failure under pressure conditions appropriate to the Soultz-sous-For&#234;ts geothermal system - P<sub>eff</sub> of 14.5 MPa - and at a strain rate of 10<sup>-6</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>. All samples developed through-going shear fractures, however, only in samples containing partially sealed fractures did the experimentally produced fractures take advantage of the pre-existing features. In samples containing a fully-sealed fracture, the experimentally induced fracture developed in a previously undeformed part of the sandstone matrix. Further, post-deformation permeability measurements indicate that while sample permeability increased by up to one order of magnitude for a given sample, this increase is generally independent of feature orientation.</p><p>Therefore, formations containing sealed fractures may not necessarily be weaker and, as a consequence, may not be more apt to significant permeability increases during stimulation than un-fractured formations. These data can contribute to the development and optimization of stimulation techniques used in the Upper Rhine Graben.</p>
A Review of Numerical Simulation Strategies for Hydraulic Fracturing, Natural Fracture Reactivation and Induced Microseismicity Prediction