<p>The Tatra moraine relief and cosmogenic nuclide dating show glacier stabilizationand the maximum glacier extent in two phases,at26 &#8211; 21 ka and at 18 ka followed by a gradual retreat and &#160;a termination of the glaciation during the B&#248;lling/Aller&#248;d warming at 14.64 &#8211;12.9 ka (Makos etal., 2014). A renewed glaciation within the Younger Dryas (12.9 &#8211; 11.5 ka) formed smaller rock glaciers. This retreat was connected with the formation of the morainic, trough and cirque lakes and the beginning of light-grey silt sedimentation dated from 10ka to 16ka cal BP on the northern slopes of the Tatra Mountains and before 10ka cal BP on its southern slopes (Klapyta et al., 2016).</p><p>A new paleolimnic research led to a discovery of a cyclic fine laminated deposit in the four Tatra Mts. lakes. The laminae of thickness from 1 to 3 mm are built of couplets of light-coloured coarse detrital and fine dark-coloured laminae. Thicker light coloured laminae occasionally show a gradation ending in dark-coloured laminae. Laminae consist occasionally of low spherical angular grains of sand and gravel fractions, rarely up to size 10 mm which deformed underlying laminae. Light-coloured laminae are predominantly composed of quartz, followed by K-feldspar, plagioclase, mica, and clay-like particles. Dark-coloured laminae consist of clay-size clastic particles. These laminae were formed in cold, oxygen-rich, ultra-oligotrophic, slightly acid conditions in which the chironomids Pseudodiamesa nivosa and Micropsectra radialis-type dominated. We interpret these lamination as varves related to annual glacial melting. Once the valleys were ice-free, varve production stopped and a short deposition period of homogenous silt was replaced by gyttja. The radiometric C<sup>14</sup> age dating shows the deglaciation in the Tatra Mts terminated at the beginning of the Early Holocene, around 10ka cal BP &#8211; 9ka cal BP.</p><p>&#160;</p><p>The research was funded by APVV-15-0292 and the project Centre of Excellence for Integrated Research of the Earth's Geosphere, ITMS 26220120064.</p><p>&#160;</p><p>Klapyta P., Zasadni J., Pociask-Karteczka J., Gajda A., Franczak P., 2016. Late Glacial and Holocene Paleoenvironmental records in the Tatra Mountains, East-Central Europe, based on lake, peat bog and colluvial sedimentary data: A summary review. Quaternary International 415: 126-144.</p><p>&#160;</p><p>Makos M., Dzierzek J., Nitychoruk J., Zreda M., 2014. Timing of glacier advances and climate in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians) during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Research 82: 1-13.</p>
Snail faunas in the Southern Ural forests and their relations to vegetation: an analogue of the Early Holocene assemblages of Central Europe?
