Subsistence Strategy of Here Sorot Entapa Cave in Kisar Island, Maluku: Dwelling Site in Island with Limited Terrestrial Resources

Penelitian di wilayah Wallacea selalu menghasilkan informasi yang menarik, salah satunya adalah mengenai peran pulau-pulau yang berada di wilayah ini dalam jalur migrasi manusia. Beberapa pulau kecil yang ada di wilayah ini merupakan pulau dengan sumber daya alam yang terbatas. Gua Here Sorot Entapa merupakan salah satu situs yang terletak di Kawasan Wallacea bagian Tenggara, yaitu di Pulau Kisar. Hasil ekskavasi yang dilakukan telah menemukan akumulasi artefak, ekofak dan fitur. Lalu bagaimana adaptasi yang dilakukan oleh manusia pada masa itu terhadap lingkungan dengan sumberdaya alam yang terbatas, merupakan hal yang akan dibahas dalam tulisan ini. Metode yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah analisis hasil ekskavasi yang dilakukan oleh Tim Penelitian gabungan UGM dan ANU serta Balai Arkeologi Maluku. Untuk mengetahui perubahan lingkungan dan pemanfaatannya akan digunakan data botani yang diperoleh secara langsung maupun studi pustaka. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Gua Here Sorot Entapa dihuni sejak sekitar 16.000 BP. Pemanfaatan sumberdaya laut merupakan subsistensi utama di samping pemanfaatan beberapa jenis tumbuhan yang secara kuantitas berbanding lurus dengan pemanfaatan sumberdaya laut. Research in the Wallacea area always produces exciting information, including the role of the islands in this region in human migration routes. Several small islands in this region are islands with limited terrestrial resources. Here Sorot Entapa cave is one of the sites located on Kisar Island, Southeast Wallacea region. The occupation of small islands presents particular challenges for human communities related to limited terrestrial resources and susceptibility to natural disasters. Then how the adaptation made by humans at that time in an environment with limited terrestrial resources is discussed in this study. This study used excavation methods to obtain data accumulation of artifacts, ecofacts, and features. Literature study and botanical data analysis were used to determine environmental changes and resource utilization. The results of this study indicate that the Here Sorot Entapa Cave has been occupied since around 16,000 BP. Marine resources were the primary subsistence along with several types of plants food in the same quantity. The function of the Here Sorot Entapa Cave may also be related to the existence of rock art that spread on Kisar Island. Eventually, Kisar Island was the main purpose of a prehistoric human in carrying out religious and artistic activities, and the Here Sorot Entapa Cave served as a temporary shelter for these activities.

The Honghe site in Qiqihar, Heilongjiang

Five series of archaeological excavations were conducted at the Honghe site from 2013–2019. Fieldwork during the 2013–2017 season confirmed that cultural attributes of late Neolithic remains found at Honghe were identical to the Ang’angxi culture as first established by Liang Siyong. Thus, this fieldwork adds further evidence to understanding the cultural implications, attributes, and chronology of Ang’angxi culture. Excavation during the 2018–2019 season subsequently revealed settlement pattern belonging the Ang’angxi culture in the Nenjiang River Basin, demonstrating a mixed sedentary subsistence strategy, including fishing, hunting, and farming, practiced regionally during the late Neolithic. This provides significant materials for understanding the civilizational trajectory of that time.

The structure of Brazilian Amazonian gut microbiomes in the process of urbanisation

Shifts in subsistence strategy among Native American people of the Amazon may be the cause of typically western diseases previously linked to modifications of gut microbial communities. Here, we used 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing to characterise the gut microbiome of 114 rural individuals, namely Xikrin, Suruí and Tupaiú, and urban individuals from Belém city, in the Brazilian Amazon. Our findings show the degree of potential urbanisation occurring in the gut microbiome of rural Amazonian communities characterised by the gradual loss and substitution of taxa associated with rural lifestyles, such as Treponema. Comparisons to worldwide populations indicated that Native American groups are similar to South American agricultural societies and urban groups are comparable to African urban and semi-urban populations. The transitioning profile observed among traditional populations is concerning in light of increasingly urban lifestyles. Lastly, we propose the term “tropical urban” to classify the microbiome of urban populations living in tropical zones.

An Archaeological Investigation of Laloi East Molluscs Site at Kpone, Ghana

This article is a report of an archaeological investigation of the Laloi East Molluscs Site at Kpone, Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Although radiometric dates for this shell midden are currently unavailable, we believe that Laloi East dates to the Later Stone Age. If so, this site would be one of only two LSA sites in Ghana found and excavated along the coast rather than in the forested interior. This article examines shellfish exploitation and other major subsistence strategies of the population that settled the site in the past. The principal cultural materials recovered from the excavations comprised large quantities of molluscs’ remains belonging to a variety of species, other faunal remains, pottery, palm kernel nuts, charcoal, stone slabs, and lithic tools. The combined evidence indicates that molluscs’ exploitation was the principal subsistence strategy of the settlers, undertaken alongside hunting, trapping, herding and the gathering of edible botanical resources such as palm fruits.

How the health of contemporary hunter-gatherers is a victim of ‘civic-colonial’ policies and politics?

Hunting-gathering is considered the oldest mode of subsistence strategy. It combines hunting animals, fishing and foraging for wild foods and nutrients and mobility as a sustenance mechanism. During colonial times, there can be seen a trend of undermining hunter-gatherer’s identity, culture, belief, worldview, practices by implementing various policies e.g. capitalisation of nature as a natural resource, displacement led development, etc. It has not only marginalised the hunter-gatherer community socially, culturally, economically and politically but also affected their health adversely. It has been observed worldwide that the post-colonial government has not only renewed colonial marginalisation politics and policies but also legalised it in the name of development, service, national obligation, legislation, institution, nationalism, civic responsibility, citizenship, and morality. This act of local government has been described as civic-colonisation. The civic-colonial policies and politics have used the western capitalist framework, technology-led development in the livestock area, politics of nomenclature etc. as a roadmap for the politics of reconciliation. These policies and politics have categorised the hunter-gatherer as an ethnic minority and cost their land, culture, health and identity. In this article, I have discussed what is civic-colonisation? and how civic-colonial policies are linked to health problems of the present-day hunter-gatherer's community?

Vývoj interakce přírodního prostředí a subsistenční strategie raně středověké společnosti: Pohansko u Břeclavi a okolí / Development of interaction of the environment and the subsistence strategy of early medieval society: Pohansko near Břeclav and surroundings

Multidisciplinary research based on the interpretation of data acquired by archaeological and natural science methods and their correlation. The main objective is to reconstruct the interaction of factors of the environment and the living conditions of human communities and their development from the 6th until the early 12th century. The study will draw on research of the complex of the Great Moravian centre at Pohansko near Břeclav (South Moravia), its surroundings and hinterland. The subsistence strategy and its development in the early medieval society was studied on the basis of finds related to farming production and the subsequent processing of the products.

The Subsistence Strategy of Linear Pottery Culture in Moravia (Czech Republic): Current State of Knowledge

The main goal of this article is to present an overview of current knowledge about the subsistence strategy of Linear Pottery culture (LBK) in Moravia, Czech Republic. The main aspect of the subsistence strategy mentioned here will be the issue of dietary. Early Neolithic sites that in some way contributed to the knowledge about the dietary character (both meat and plant food) will be presented here. On this occasion, a case study of the Žádovice site, which belongs to the most recently analyzed settlements, will be presented. In addition, the methods used in the subsistence strategy of LBK in Moravia will be mentioned. The existing knowledge will be included in a broader settlement context and will be compared with each other. For the time being, it seems that in terms of the species spectrum of farmed animals, the area of Moravia does not differ from the situation known from Central Europe. Certain geographical differences are possible in Moravia, but this hypothesis must be verified in the future, depending on the expansion of the database. The study thus represents a springboard for further research in this area.