Investors' Motivations in Different Types of Crowdfunding

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-54
Author(s):  
Laurence Attuel-Mendes ◽  
Djamchid Assadi ◽  
Silsa Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Practical Guidelines

Although the crowdfunding (CF) sector is booming, research focusing on motivation of contributors is mainly exploratory and does not propose an analytical model. This chapter aims to propose a typology of differentiated motivations according to the type of CF. The main results, authentic compared to the existing literature, show that types of motivation are not the same depending on the type of CF considered. These findings provide significant practical guidelines for three major actors of a CF process: CF platforms must communicate according to the segmentation resulting from the respective predominant motivations. Project leaders should go beyond the simple utility and inform contributors according to the life of the project and its segmentation and the required technical tools of contribution. Contributors share personal ties and observe how the projects succeed regarding loan with interest; therefore, certain motivations, found in this research, such as pleasure of contributing, living experiences, and supporting creators should not be put forward in all the CF campaigns.

scholarly journals Four types of urban austerity: Public land privatisations in French and Italian cities

Urban Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Adisson ◽  
Francesca Artioli
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Public Land ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
Policy Capacity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Local Patterns

This article contributes to current debates on urban austerity by comparing public land privatisations in French and Italian cities. These privatisations have emerged in several countries during the last two decades as a recurring austerity measure. However, current research does not explain how similar national austerity policies result in diverse urban outcomes. This article tackles this limitation by developing an analytical model of the different types of urban austerity. It uses the intergovernmental system and local policy capacity as the main variables to explain four local patterns of austerity, that is, gridlock austerity, nationally mitigated austerity, locally mitigated austerity and opportunistic austerity. Drawing on nine case studies covering two public landowners, the article shows that public land austerity policies have become routine practice based on compromises in French cities, but conflictual and based on ad hoc solutions in Italian cities.

scholarly journals I see your false colours: how artificial stimuli appear to different animal viewers

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20180053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Caswell Stoddard ◽  
Audrey E. Miller ◽  
Harold N. Eyster ◽  
Derya Akkaynak
Keyword(s):  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Blue Tit ◽  
Colour Perception ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Practical Guidelines ◽  
Complementary Techniques ◽  
Behavioural Experiments ◽  
Synthetic Models ◽  
Predator Defence

The use of artificially coloured stimuli, especially to test hypotheses about sexual selection and anti-predator defence, has been common in behavioural ecology since the pioneering work of Tinbergen. To investigate the effects of colour on animal behaviour, many researchers use paints, markers and dyes to modify existing colours or to add colour to synthetic models. Because colour perception varies widely across species, it is critical to account for the signal receiver's vision when performing colour manipulations. To explore this, we applied 26 typical coloration products to different types of avian feathers. Next, we measured the artificially coloured feathers using two complementary techniques—spectrophotometry and digital ultraviolet--visible photography—and modelled their appearance to mammalian dichromats (ferret, dog), trichromats (honeybee, human) and avian tetrachromats (hummingbird, blue tit). Overall, artificial colours can have dramatic and sometimes unexpected effects on the reflectance properties of feathers, often differing based on feather type. The degree to which an artificial colour differs from the original colour greatly depends on an animal's visual system. ‘White’ paint to a human is not ‘white’ to a honeybee or blue tit. Based on our analysis, we offer practical guidelines for reducing the risk of introducing unintended effects when using artificial colours in behavioural experiments.

Analytical Model of Passing Events for One-Way Heterogeneous Bicycle Traffic Flows

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (36) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Xu ◽  
Meiqi Liu ◽  
Xiang Song ◽  
Sheng Jin
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Traffic Flows ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Bicycle Level Of Service ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Shared Bicycle ◽  
The Relationship

Heterogeneous bicycle traffic flows, consisting of electric bicycles (e-bicycles) and regular bicycles (r-bicycles), have become the main traffic form on shared bicycle routes in China due to the increasing number of e-bicycles. As a result, overtaking occurs frequently among bicycles, which affects cyclists’ safety and perception. This paper presents an analytical model to estimate the number of passing events in heterogeneous bicycle traffic flows. The relationships between passing events and the parameters of the heterogeneous bicycle traffic flow is established in the proposed model. The probability density functions of the speed of r-bicycles and e-bicycles are taken into consideration. The results of the model analysis show that the number of passing events increases with an increase in the flow rate and density. Both a difference in speed between different types of bicycle and the standard deviation of speed of each type of bicycle have positive correlations with the number of passing events. In addition, when the proportion of e-bicycles increases, the number of passing events first increases, and then decreases. The proposed model is calibrated against field data collected in Hangzhou. The results show that the model prediction is consistent with field observations. The model proposed in this paper provides an analytical approach to study the relationship between the characteristics of heterogeneous bicycle traffic flows and the number of passing events. This work can be considered a prerequisite for the development of the bicycle level of service criteria for heterogeneous bicycle flows.

scholarly journals Genome-wide circadian rhythm detection methods: systematic evaluations and practical guidelines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenwen Mei ◽  
Zhiwen Jiang ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Aziz Sancar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Practical Guidelines ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Abstract Circadian rhythms are oscillations of behavior, physiology and metabolism in many organisms. Recent advancements in omics technology make it possible for genome-wide profiling of circadian rhythms. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of seven existing algorithms commonly used for circadian rhythm detection. Using gold-standard circadian and non-circadian genes, we systematically evaluated the accuracy and reproducibility of the algorithms on empirical datasets generated from various omics platforms under different experimental designs. We also carried out extensive simulation studies to test each algorithm’s robustness to key variables, including sampling patterns, replicates, waveforms, signal-to-noise ratios, uneven samplings and missing values. Furthermore, we examined the distributions of the nominal $P$-values under the null and raised issues with multiple testing corrections using traditional approaches. With our assessment, we provide method selection guidelines for circadian rhythm detection, which are applicable to different types of high-throughput omics data.

Circulating Humorous Antitobacco Videos on Social Media

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moon J. Lee ◽  
Fannin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Practical Guidelines ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Types ◽  
The Given

We investigated whether exposure to same humorous antitobacco videos via different types of social media platforms and contexts (health vs. humor) influences individual’s health risk perceptions, attitudes, and behavioral intents. An experiment with a 2 (social media types: YouTube and Facebook) × 2 (message contexts: health-focused and humor-focused contexts) factorial design was conducted. It was found that those who watched the humorous antitobacco videos on Facebook in the health-context exhibited a higher level of risk perception of smoking, less positive attitude toward smokers, and a higher level of intention to avoid smoking in the future than the participants who viewed the same videos on YouTube in the health-context or on Facebook in the humor-context. These findings provide useful practical guidelines in using social media for health communication/promotion. Humorous health promotion messages are best circulated on social networking sites such as Facebook accompanied by others’ support for the given health topic (i.e., in health-contexts). Practical/theoretical implications and limitations of the study were further discussed in this article.

Easy-to-read legal texts as a means of FACILITATING the cognitive accessibility of legal language

Proglas ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Radomira Videva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Language ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Practical Guidelines ◽  
Cognitive Accessibility

The aim of this article is to examine the easy-to-read legal texts as a means of facilitating the cognitive accessibility of legal language. We begin our study by presenting the characteristics that make the legal language difficult to understand for its addressees non-jurists. Later, the applicability of easy-to-read version to different types of legal texts is considered. Finally, the author proposes a set of practical guidelines on the application of this method in the field of use of the legal language, which are illustrated with examples of foreign experience in thе area.

scholarly journals Profit Driven Decision Assist System to Select Efficient IaaS Providers

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 4398
Author(s):  
Mohan Murthy MK ◽  
Sanjay HA ◽  
Supreeth BM
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Virtual Machines ◽  
End Users ◽  
The Other ◽  
End User ◽  
Pricing Models ◽  
Decision Strategies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pricing Schemes

IaaS providers provide infrastructure to the end users with various pricing schemes and models. They provide different types of virtual machines (small, medium, large, etc.). Since each IaaS provider uses their own pricing schemes and models, price varies from one provider to the other for the same requirements. To select a best IaaS provider, the end users need to consider various parameters such as SLA, pricing models/schemes, VM heterogeneity, etc. Since many parameters are involved, selecting an efficient IaaS provider is a challenging job for an end user. To address this issue, in this work we have designed, implemented and tested a decision-assist system which assists the end users to select efficient IaaS provider(s). Our decision-assist system consists of an analytical model to calculate the cost and decision strategies to assist the end user in selecting the efficient IaaS provider(s). The decision assist system considers various relevant parameters such as VM configuration, price, availability, etc. to decide the efficient IaaS provider(s). Rigorous experiments have been conducted by emulating various IaaS providers, and we have observed that our DAS successfully suggests the efficient IaaS provider/ providers by considering the input parameters given by the user.

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