Nano-Chromium Trioxide Preparation from Chromium-Containing Waste Liquid Accompanying 16-Dehydropregnenolone Acetate

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 1082-1085
Author(s):  
Quan Bin Liao ◽  
Zhong Xu Dai ◽  
Fa Hua Li ◽  
Ming Guo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Chromium Trioxide ◽  
Amyl Alcohol ◽  
Polysorbate 80 ◽  
Hexagonal System ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Alcohol System ◽  
Dehydropregnenolone Acetate

In polysorbate 80 - alcohol system, Cr2O3 powder had been prepared by using chromium-containing waste liquid from 16-dehydropregnenolone acetate. A precipitation was obtained when water was separated from the wastewater. The nanosample was got after the precipitation was calcined at 250 °C and 600 °C. Cr2O3 powder structure was characterized by FT-IR, SEM and XRD. The results show that the powders are spherical hexagonal system Cr2O3 nanoparticles. The particles size prepared in polysorbate 80 and n-Amyl alcohol system are 50-95 nm. The average value is 78 nm.

Liquid -vapor equilibrium in thel-amyl alcohol/isoamyl alcohol system

1974 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 547-550
Author(s):  
A. B. Ivanov ◽  
V. S. Gershanovskii ◽  
Ya. D. Zel'venskii ◽  
Yu. G. Zelinskii
Keyword(s):  
Isoamyl Alcohol ◽  
Amyl Alcohol ◽  
Vapor Equilibrium ◽  
Alcohol System ◽  
Liquid Vapor

Infrared Intensities of Liquids III: The Photometric Accuracy of FT-IR Transmission Spectra of C5H10, CH3NO2, CH2Cl2, C6H6, C6H5·CH3, and C6H5Cl in the Liquid State at 25°C in 11- to 500-μm Cells

1986 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bertie ◽  
R. Norman Jones ◽  
Victor Behnam
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Limit ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Transmission Spectra ◽  
Error Sources ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Ir Transmission ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Infrared Intensities ◽  
Simplified Procedures ◽  
Estimated Error

This paper completes the report of our FT-IR measurements of transmission spectra of organic liquids. These measurements were undertaken in order to estimate the photometric accuracy of our FT-IR spectrometer for transmission spectra by comparing the results with those measured previously [Applied Spectroscopy 34, 657 (1980)] by a calibrated dispersive spectrometer. We have studied 97 bands of chlorobenzene, toluene, and dichloromethane, in 500-μm cells and 54 bands of benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, cyclopentane, and dichloromethane, in cells 11 to 53 μm thick. The average value of the imaginary refractive index at the band peak, kmax, is reported for each band and compared with the calibrated value. When averaged over the 184 bands that are reported in this work and our earlier paper [Applied Spectroscopy 39, 401 (1985)], our measurements agree with the calibrated values to about 3% of kmax, and have a 90% confidence limit of about 0.7 to 1% of kmax, The calibrated values themselves have an estimated error of about 6%, so to obtain better knowledge of the accuracy of our measurements we need better standards and we need measurements to be made on other FT-IR instruments. We plan to publish simplified procedures that will encourage others to make such measurements. Our 90% confidence limit includes effects due to the use of different cells, daily realignment of the fixed mirror of the interferometer, realignment of the optics of the detector and sample compartments, change of beamsplitter, and a day-to-day variation of uncertain origin, in addition to the error sources that always contribute to typical analytical precision. Our data do not show these additional error sources to be systematic, so it is appropriate to include their effect in the evaluation of the confidence limit. We believe the main source of error to be the effect of the infrared cell on the path of the light beam through the instrument. The day-to-day variation of uncertain origin is thought to be due to very small changes in the beam path through the instrument, which in turn cause the effect of the infrared cell on the beam to vary.

Enzymatic Synthesis of Naringin Palmitate

2012 ◽  
Vol 554-556 ◽  
pp. 1350-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Zhang ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Jian Rong Huang ◽  
Ling Chen ◽  
Xiao Xi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Amyl Alcohol ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Conversion Yield ◽  
Solvent Type ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Acid Esters

Naringin esters are paid more attention in medical and functional food industry than naringin due to their higher stability and solubility in lipidic environments. Naringin palmitic acid esters were enzymatically synthesized with naringin and palmitic acid. The effects of solvent type, temperature, concentration and types of enzymes and the molar ratio of substrates on the conversion of naringin were investigated. Novozym 435 performed higher catalytic ability in tert-amyl alcohol in the esterification of naringin with palmitic acid. The conversion yield of naringin increased with the increase of temperature (30-70°C) and of the concentration of enzyme. The structure of the naringin palmitate was characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and HPLC-MS. 1H-NMR spectroscopic analysis indicated the presence of an ester bond on the C-6 of the glucose moiety of naringin molecule.

scholarly journals Reactivity Ratios of the Copolymerization Styrene/ Methyl Methacrylate Using FT-IR Spectroscopy with Comparing to Mathematically Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Linearization Method ◽  
Radical Copolymerization ◽  
Copolymer Composition ◽  
Reactivity Ratios ◽  
Monomer Reactivity Ratios ◽  
Free Radical Copolymerization ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Integral Curves ◽  
Ft Ir

Free Radical Copolymerization of Styrene/ Methyl Methacrylate were prepared chemically under Nitrogen ,which was investigated, in the present of Benzoyl Peroxide as Initiator at concentration of 2 × 10-3 molar at 70 °C, which was carried out in Benzene as solvent to a certain low conversion . FT-IR spectra were used for determining of the monomer reactivity ratios ,which was obtained by employing the conventional linearization method of Fineman-Ross (F-R) and Kelen-Tüdos (K- T). The experimental results showed the average value for the Styrene r1 / Methyl Methacrylate r2 system, Sty r1 = 0.45 , MMA r2 = 0.38 in the (F–R) Method and r1 = 0.49 , r2 = 0.35 in the (K–T) Method, The Results of this indicated show the random distribution of monomers in the copolymer.Likewise The monomer reactivity ratios were evaluated Mathematically in comparison in the (F–R) Method with the data STY r1 = 0.61 , MMA r2 = 0.47 , and r1 = 0.45 , r2 =0.38 in the (K–T) Method. And were used the values r1 ,r2 for STY / MMA Copolymers in computing integral curves for the instantaneous Copolymer composition throughout the whole range of conversion.

FT-IR microspectroscopic analysis of diseased white matter brain tissues

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 968-969
Author(s):  
Steven M. Le Vine ◽  
David L. Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Twitcher Mouse ◽  
Grid Pattern ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Microspectroscopy ◽  
Chemical Evidence

In situ FT-IR microspectroscopy has allowed spatially resolved interrogation of different parts of brain tissue. In previous work the spectrrscopic features of normal barin tissue were characterized. The white matter, gray matter and basal ganglia were mapped from appropriate peak area measurements from spectra obtained in a grid pattern. Bands prevalent in white matter were mostly associated with the lipid. These included 2927 and 1469 cm-1 due to CH2 as well as carbonyl at 1740 cm-1. Also 1235 and 1085 cm-1 due to phospholipid and galactocerebroside, respectively (Figs 1and2). Localized chemical changes in the white matter as a result of white matter diseases have been studied. This involved the documentation of localized chemical evidence of demyelination in shiverer mice in which the spectra of white matter lacked the marked contrast between it and gray matter exhibited in the white matter of normal mice (Fig. 3).The twitcher mouse, a model of Krabbe’s desease, was also studied. The purpose in this case was to look for a localized build-up of psychosine in the white matter caused by deficiencies in the enzyme responsible for its breakdown under normal conditions.

Ultra-spatially resolved synchrotron powered FT-IR microspectroscopy of individual cells of biological material

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 884-885
Author(s):  
David L. Wetzel ◽  
John A. Reffner ◽  
Gwyn P. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Noise ◽  
Spot Size ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Thermal Source ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Good Spatial Resolution ◽  
Small Spot ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Microspectroscopy

Synchrotron radiation is 100 to 1000 times brighter than a thermal source such as a globar. It is not accompanied with thermal noise and it is highly directional and nondivergent. For these reasons, it is well suited for ultra-spatially resolved FT-IR microspectroscopy. In efforts to attain good spatial resolution in FT-IR microspectroscopy with a thermal source, a considerable fraction of the infrared beam focused onto the specimen is lost when projected remote apertures are used to achieve a small spot size. This is the case because of divergence in the beam from that source. Also the brightness is limited and it is necessary to compromise on the signal-to-noise or to expect a long acquisition time from coadding many scans. A synchrotron powered FT-IR Microspectrometer does not suffer from this effect. Since most of the unaperatured beam’s energy makes it through even a 12 × 12 μm aperture, that is a starting place for aperture dimension reduction.

FR-IR Molecular Microanalysis System

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-271
Author(s):  
John A. Reffner ◽  
William T. Wihlborg
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Ir Microscopy ◽  
Normal Functions ◽  
Infrared Microspectroscopy ◽  
Infrared Spectral ◽  
Ft Ir

The IRμs™ is the first fully integrated system for Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscopy. FT-IR microscopy combines light microscopy for morphological examination with infrared spectroscopy for chemical identification of microscopic samples or domains. Because the IRμs system is a new tool for molecular microanalysis, its optical, mechanical and system design are described to illustrate the state of development of molecular microanalysis. Applications of infrared microspectroscopy are reviewed by Messerschmidt and Harthcock.Infrared spectral analysis of microscopic samples is not a new idea, it dates back to 1949, with the first commercial instrument being offered by Perkin-Elmer Co. Inc. in 1953. These early efforts showed promise but failed the test of practically. It was not until the advances in computer science were applied did infrared microspectroscopy emerge as a useful technique. Microscopes designed as accessories for Fourier transform infrared spectrometers have been commercially available since 1983. These accessory microscopes provide the best means for analytical spectroscopists to analyze microscopic samples, while not interfering with the FT-IR spectrometer’s normal functions.

Polarized microbeam FT-IR analysis of single fibers

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 206-207
Author(s):  
Liling Cho ◽  
David L. Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Orientation ◽  
Transition Point ◽  
Polymer Fibers ◽  
Single Fiber ◽  
Wire Grid ◽  
Polyester Fibers ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wire Grid Polarizer

Polarized infrared microscopy has been used for forensic purposes to differentiate among polymer fibers. Dichroism can be used to compare and discriminate between different polyester fibers, including those composed of polyethylene terephthalate that are frequently encountered during criminal casework. In the fiber manufacturering process, fibers are drawn to develop molecular orientation and crystallinity. Macromolecular chains are oriented with respect to the long axis of the fiber. It is desirable to determine the relationship between the molecular orientation and stretching properties. This is particularly useful on a single fiber basis. Polarized spectroscopic differences observed from a single fiber are proposed to reveal the extent of molecular orientation within that single fiber. In the work presented, we compared the dichroic ratio between unstretched and stretched polyester fibers, and the transition point between the two forms of the same fiber. These techniques were applied to different polyester fibers. A fiber stretching device was fabricated for use on the instrument (IRμs, Spectra-Tech) stage. Tension was applied with a micrometer screw until a “neck” was produced in the stretched fiber. Spectra were obtained from an area of 24×48 μm. A wire-grid polarizer was used between the source and the sample.

Diffraction study on bainite of Cu-Al alloy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1006-1007
Author(s):  
Delu Liu ◽  
T. Ko
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Study ◽  
Parent Phase ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Alloy Sample ◽  
Bright Field Image ◽  
Hexagonal System ◽  
Iced Brine ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Zone Pattern ◽  
Stacking Structure

Structure of bainite in Cu-Al and Cu-Zn-Al alloys has been reported as 3R, 9R or 18R long period stacking structure (LPS) by X-ray and electron diffraction studies. In the present work, a Cu-25.5 (at)% Al alloy sample was heated at 900°C for 2 h then isothermally held at 450°C for 60 s before quenching into iced brine. FIG.1 shows a TEM bright field image of bainite plates (marked B) grown from grain boundary. The parent phase ( with DO3 structure ) has transformed to martensite (marked M ) during cooling from 450° C to 0°C. Both bainite and martensite plates have dense striations inside.Careful diffraction study on a JEOL 2000FX TEM with accelerating voltage 200 KV revealed (FIG.2) that the diffraction patterns contai_ning the same zone axis [001] ( hexagonal index ) or [111]c ( cubic index ) are from a bainite plate with obtuse V-shape. They are indexed as [010], [140], [130], [120], [230], [340] and [110] zone pattern for hexagonal system respectively.

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