Solutions, in Particular Dilute Solutions of Nonelectrolytes: A Review

The liquid state is one of the three principal states of matter and arguably the most important one; and liquid mixtures represent a large research field of profound theoretical and practical interest. This topic is of importance in many areas of the applied sciences, such as in chemical engineering, geochemistry, the environmental sciences, biophysics and biomedical technology. First, I will concisely present a review of important concepts from classical thermodynamics of nonelectrolyte solutions; this will be followed by a survey of (semi-)empirical approaches to representing the composition and temperature dependence of selected thermodynamic mixture properties, and finally the focus will be on dilute binary nonelectrolyte solutions where one component, a supercritical solute, is present in much smaller quantity than the other component, called the solvent. Partial molar properties in the limit of infinite dilution (indicated by a superscript ∞) are of particular interest. For instance, activity coefficients (Lewis–Randall (LR) convention) are customarily used to characterize mixing behavior, and infinite-dilution values $$\gamma_{i}^{{{\text{LR,}}\infty }}$$ γ i LR, ∞ provide a convenient route for obtaining binary parameters for several popular solution models. When discussing solute (j)—solvent (i) interactions in solutions where the solute is supercritical, the Henry fugacity $$h_{j,i} \left( {T,P} \right)$$ h j , i T , P , also known as Henry’s law (HL) constant, is a measurable thermodynamic key quantity. Its temperature dependence yields information on the partial molar enthalpy change on solution $$\Delta H_{j}^{\infty } \left( {T,P} \right)$$ Δ H j ∞ T , P , while its pressure dependence yields information on the partial molar volume $$V_{j}^{{{\text{L,}}\infty }} \left( {T,P} \right)$$ V j L, ∞ T , P of solute j in the liquid phase (superscript L). I will clarify issues frequently overlooked, touch upon solubility data reduction and correlation, report a few recent high-precision experimental results on dilute aqueous solutions of supercritical nonelectrolytes, and show the equivalency of results for caloric quantities (e.g. $$\Delta H_{j}^{\infty }$$ Δ H j ∞ ) obtained via van ’t Hoff analysis of high-precision solubility data with directly measured calorimetric data.