scholarly journals X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress Measurements for Assessment of Rolling Contact Fatigue Behaviour of Railway Steels

2014 ◽  
Vol 996 ◽  
pp. 782-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
António Castanhola Batista ◽  
Joao P. Nobre ◽  
Daniel F.C. Peixoto ◽  
Luis A.A. Ferreira ◽  
Paulo M.S.T. de Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Cyclic Loading ◽  
Rolling Contact Fatigue ◽  
Contact Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Behaviour ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Stress Profiles

Rolling contact fatigue twin-disc tests were performed on rail/wheel steels from Spanish high velocity trains (AVE). Residual stress profiles were determined using X-ray diffraction before and after cyclic loading. The evolution of residual stress profiles, due to cyclic loading, was analysed in order to study how they affect the rolling contact fatigue behaviour of these materials. This study is included in a major project where other related phenomena and materials’ properties have been studied.

Service Loading Analysis of Wind Turbine Gearbox Rolling Bearings Based on X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress Measurements

2013 ◽  
Vol 768-769 ◽  
pp. 723-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Gegner ◽  
Wolfgang Nierlich
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Rolling Contact Fatigue ◽  
Contact Fatigue ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Rolling Bearings ◽  
Wind Turbine Gearbox ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stress Measurements

Rolling bearings in wind turbine gearboxes occasionally fail prematurely by so-called white etching cracks. The appearance of the damage indicates brittle spontaneous tensile stress induced surface cracking followed by corrosion fatigue driven crack growth. An X-ray diffraction based residual stress analysis reveals vibrations in service as the root cause. The occurrence of high local friction coefficients in the rolling contact is described by a tribological model. Depth profiles of the equivalent shear and normal stresses are compared with residual stress patterns and a relevant fracture strength, respectively. White etching crack failures are reproduced on a rolling contact fatigue test rig under increased mixed friction. Causative vibration loading is evident from residual stress measurements. Cold working compressive residual stresses are an effective countermeasure.

Residual Stress in Railway Rails by IP/cosα Method

2006 ◽  
Vol 524-525 ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiko Sasaki ◽  
Shunichi Takahashi ◽  
Kengo Iwfuchi ◽  
Yukio Satoh ◽  
Yoshikazu Kanematsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
Rolling Contact Fatigue ◽  
Contact Fatigue ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Present Measurement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fundamental Experiment

In this study, a new portable X-ray stress analyzer was designed and manufactured. The purpose of its use is to evaluate the rolling contact fatigue damage in rails for establishing an effective rail maintenance method. An image plate was used in this analyzer for detecting diffracted X-ray beams. The cosα method was adopted for X-ray stress analysis from X-ray diffraction data. A fundamental experiment was made first for examning the present measurement system. Residual stresses in rails used in service for six years were also investigated in this study.

Evaluation of Rolling Contact Fatigue Using X-Ray Diffraction Ring

2016 ◽  
pp. MPC20150027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takumi Fujita ◽  
Naoya Kamura ◽  
Yoichi Maruyama ◽  
Toshihiko Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Contact Fatigue ◽  
Contact Fatigue ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Ring ◽  
X Ray

Evaluation of Rolling Contact Fatigue by Using an X-Ray Diffraction Ring Analyzer

2016 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 891-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoya Kamura ◽  
Takumi Fujita ◽  
Toshihiko Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Axial Stress ◽  
Rolling Contact Fatigue ◽  
Contact Fatigue ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Asperity Contact ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Principal Stresses ◽  
Diffraction Ring ◽  
X Ray

In this report, rolling contact fatigue (RCF) progression in two-cylinder type RCF testing is evaluated by using an X-ray diffraction ring analyzer, which can rapidly obtain tri-axial stress and the orientation of crystallite. The large compressive and three principal stresses on the RCF surface are observed under boundary lubrication. It is considered that the crack occurrence and its propagation by asperity contact of surface roughness are caused by residual principal shear stress and the repeated contact stress. In addition, the behavior of RCF progression from the point of view of the X-ray measurements is similar for the driving and driven specimen until the generation of peeling begins. This supports the conclusion of Kaneta et al. that the RCF progression for the driven cylinder is the same as that for driving cylinder until peeling occurs.

The Basic Relationship Between Machining Induced Residual Stress Profiles and Fatigue Life

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. B. Guo ◽  
A. W. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
White Layer ◽  
Rolling Contact Fatigue ◽  
Contact Fatigue ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Contact Fatigue Life ◽  
Basic Relationship ◽  
Stress Profiles

The characteristics of residual stress (RS) profiles and their effects on rolling contact fatigue life for precision turned and ground surfaces with a white layer (WL) are very controversial. The key findings of this study are: (a) The basic RS profiles by a sharp tool can be fundamentally changed by a turned WL but not a ground WL; (b) The hook shaped RS profile of a turned surface may have about 40% more fatigue life than a ground one; (c) The white layer may reduce fatigue life as much as 7–8 times despite the deep compressive RS in the subsurface.

Evaluation of contact fatigue life of a wind turbine carburized gear considering gradients of mechanical properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1170-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Huaiju Liu ◽  
Caichao Zhu ◽  
Zhangdong Sun
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Rolling Contact Fatigue ◽  
Contact Fatigue ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Initial Residual Stress ◽  
Contact Fatigue Life ◽  
Carburized Gear ◽  
Load Conditions

Case hardening processes such as carburizing are extensively applied in heavy-duty gears used in wind turbines, ships, high-speed rails, etc. Contact fatigue failure occurs commonly in engineering practice, thus reduces reliabilities of those machines. Rolling contact fatigue life of a carburized gear is influenced by factors such as the gradients of mechanical properties and profile of initial residual stress. In this regard, the study of contact fatigue life of carburized gears should be conducted with the consideration of those aspects. In this study, a finite element elastic–plastic contact model of a carburized gear is developed which takes the gradients of hardness and initial residual stress into account. Initial residual stress distribution and the hardness profile along the depth are obtained through experimental measurements. The effect of the hardness gradient is reflected by the gradients of yield strength and fatigue parameters. The modified Fatemi–Socie strain-life criterion is used to estimate the rolling contact fatigue life of the heavy-duty carburized gear. Numerical results reveal that according to the Fatemi–Socie fatigue life criterion, rolling contact fatigue failure of the carburized gear will first initiate at subsurface rather than surface. Compared with the un-carburized gear, the rolling contact fatigue lives of the carburized gear under all load conditions are significantly improved. Under heavy load conditions, the carburized layer significantly reduces the fatigue damage mainly due to the benefit to inhibit the accumulation of plasticity. Influence of the residual stress is also investigated. Under the nominal load condition, compared with the residual stress-free case, the existence of the tensile residual stress causes remarkable deterioration of the rolling contact fatigue life while the compressive residual stress with the same magnitude leads to a moderate growth of the rolling contact fatigue life. As the load becomes heavier when plasticity becomes notable, the influence of the initial residual stress on the life is somewhat weakened.

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